Freezing Injury of Forage Plants

2015 ◽  
pp. 32-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Smith
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Forage Plants

A Rapid Method for Evaluating Freezing Injury to Leaves of Cyanogenic Plants 1

Crop Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 957-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl G. Stout ◽  
Barbara Brooke ◽  
A. L. Ryswyk
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Cyanogenic Plants

Leakage of Intracellular Substances as an Indicator of Freezing Injury in Alfalfa

Crop Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mark Sulc ◽  
Kenneth A. Albrecht ◽  
Stanley H. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Injury

Changing perceptions of the effect of plant phenolics on nutrient supply in the ruminant

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Lowry ◽  
CS McSweeney ◽  
B Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Plant Phenolics ◽  
Ruminant Nutrition ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannins ◽  
Semi Arid

Mammalian metabolism of plant phenolics, initially studied in monogastric animals, gave an emphasis to their toxic and antinutrient effects. Subsequent studies in tropical ruminants and wild herbivores have highlighted the high levels than can occur in some diets and the extensive microbial modification and degradation that can occur in the tract. This paper reviews aspects of plant phenolics as they relate to ruminant nutrition in tropical or semi-arid environments in which some forage plants contain high levels of phenolic compounds. Effects range from occasional acute toxicity of hydrolysable tannins, to acetate-releasing microbial degradations that apparently enable certain phenolics to act as nutrients. The most important and complex effects are those due to tannin-protein interactions. Although these can clearly reduce feed intake, nutrient digestibilities, and protein availability, many of the interactions are still not understood. The diverse effects of plant phenolics on nutrient flow probably result from the balance between adverse effects on some organisms and the rate at which they are degraded or inactivated by other organisms, and improved animal performance can likely be obtained by manipulation of rumen microbial metabolism.

Forage Plants in a Montana High Altitude Nursery

1953 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Roald A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Forage Plants

scholarly journals Forage quality declines with rising temperatures, with implications for livestock production and methane emissions

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1403-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Lee ◽  
Aaron P. Davis ◽  
Mizeck G. G. Chagunda ◽  
Pete Manning
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Model Average ◽  
Enteric Methane

Abstract. Livestock numbers are increasing to supply the growing demand for meat-rich diets. The sustainability of this trend has been questioned, and future environmental changes, such as climate change, may cause some regions to become less suitable for livestock. Livestock and wild herbivores are strongly dependent on the nutritional chemistry of forage plants. Nutrition is positively linked to weight gains, milk production and reproductive success, and nutrition is also a key determinant of enteric methane production. In this meta-analysis, we assessed the effects of growing conditions on forage quality by compiling published measurements of grass nutritive value and combining these data with climatic, edaphic and management information. We found that forage nutritive value was reduced at higher temperatures and increased by nitrogen fertiliser addition, likely driven by a combination of changes to species identity and changes to physiology and phenology. These relationships were combined with multiple published empirical models to estimate forage- and temperature-driven changes to cattle enteric methane production. This suggested a previously undescribed positive climate change feedback, where elevated temperatures reduce grass nutritive value and correspondingly may increase methane production by 0.9 % with a 1 °C temperature rise and 4.5 % with a 5 °C rise (model average), thus creating an additional climate forcing effect. Future methane production increases are expected to be largest in parts of North America, central and eastern Europe and Asia, with the geographical extent of hotspots increasing under a high emissions scenario. These estimates require refinement and a greater knowledge of the abundance, size, feeding regime and location of cattle, and the representation of heat stress should be included in future modelling work. However, our results indicate that the cultivation of more nutritious forage plants and reduced livestock farming in warming regions may reduce this additional source of pastoral greenhouse gas emissions.

Osmotic tolerance of human granulocytes

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. C373-C381 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Armitage ◽  
P. Mazur
Keyword(s):  
Cell Injury ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Critical Surface ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Osmotic Tolerance ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Human Granulocytes

Human granulocytes are injured when returned to isotonic conditions after exposure at 0 degree C to hyperosmotic solutions of NaCl or sucrose with osmolalities above 0.6 osmolal. The damage was expressed as a loss of membrane integrity [fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assay] only after 60-90 min incubation at 37 degrees C. Survival after exposure to a 1.4-osmolal solution at 0 degree C was dependent on the extent of subsequent dilution. Dilution to below 0.6 osmolal was damaging, but cells could be returned to near-osmotic conditions provided that the solute concentration was increased again to 0.64 osmolal before the cells were incubated at 37 degrees C. Granulocyte cell volumes were measured under various osmotic conditions by computer-assisted micrometry. The cells did not display a minimum volume but behaved as osmometers over the observed range of 0.2-1.4 osmolal. Granulocyte volume at a given osmolality was independent of whether the cells had first been exposed to a strongly hyperosmotic medium, indicating that no solute loading occurred in hyperosmotic sucrose solutions. Even though the cells did not survive sequential exposure to greater than 0.6 osmolal solutions, subsequent return to isotonicity, and incubation at 37 degrees C, neither cell lysis nor loss in FDA-positive cells occurred after the first two steps. This finding is not consistent with the critical-surface area-increment theory of freezing injury. The mechanism of cell injury in hyperosmotic solutions is thus not known. However, the results show that osmotic stress is potentially a major damaging factor both in the equilibration of cells with protective additives and during freezing and thawing.

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