scholarly journals Archaeological Excavations of Adam Oršić: Fieldwork as a Source of Power and Authority

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko A. Janković
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
World War ◽  
New Professionals ◽  
Fieldwork Experience ◽  
The Status ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
History Of ◽  
Educational Path

The period between the two world wars is extremely important for the history of Serbian and Yugoslav archaeology, because this is the time when the discipline was rapidly institutionalized – new museums are established, new professionals are trained, and large fieldwork projects are initiated. At that moment, as well as immediately after – during the World War II, European archaeology is to the great extent oriented towards the German professionals and institutions.  In Germany and Austria institutionalization started earlier, by the beginning of the 20th century, so a great number of the Serbian and Yugoslav archaeologists was educated in the German centres – Marburg, Berlin, Munich, Vienna and other universities. Adam Oršić started working in archaeology in 1930s, self-taught and leaning primarily on the experience of older colleagues, rather than on formal education, which he did not possess at the time. However, he started fieldwork on the sites in Niš and the surrounding area, collecting a huge set of data, that remained in his private possession. It was this data collection and his vast fieldwork experience in southern Serbia that for Oršić opened the door of Ahnenerbe and heritage protection institutions during the occupation. As the result of the status he achieved at the time, he was sent to Oswald Menghin in Vienna, where he completed his dissertation in 1944. During the war, his insistence on fieldwork as the essential part of archaeological research became even more pronounced, leading to his suggestion to Ahnenerbe to organize an expedition in Serbia and Macedonia. The status acquired by his doctorate under the mentorship of Menghin, the leading praehistorian of Europe at the time, enabled Oršić to continue his archaeological work after the war, first as a refugee in Austria, and then as an immigrant to Brazil. Oršić considered fieldwork as the means through which archaeologists acquire exclusive knowledge. He himself used this knowledge throughout his career to strengthen his authority and to achieve esteem in the academic community.  His vast experience and knowledge of the sites in Serbia contributed to the respect he enjoyed by the authorities during the war, set his educational path, and ultimately secured him the status he enjoyed in the settings he worked till the end of his life.

scholarly journals Aristocratic libraries in Slovakia – status, research, history

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-441
Author(s):  
Michaela Sibylová
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research History ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times

The author has divided her article into two parts. The first part describes the status and research of aristocratic libraries in Slovakia. For a certain period of time, these libraries occupied an underappreciated place in the history of book culture in Slovakia. The socialist ideology of the ruling regime allowed their collections (with a few exceptions) to be merged with those of public libraries and archives. The author describes the events that affected these libraries during and particularly after the end of World War II and which had an adverse impact on the current disarrayed state and level of research. Over the past decades, there has been increased interest in the history of aristocratic libraries, as evidenced by multiple scientific conferences, exhibitions and publications. The second part of the article is devoted to a brief history of the best-known aristocratic libraries that were founded and operated in the territory of today’s Slovakia. From the times of humanism, there are the book collections of the Thurzó family and the Zay family, leading Austro-Hungarian noble families and the library of the bishop of Nitra, Zakariás Mossóczy. An example of a Baroque library is the Pálffy Library at Červený Kameň Castle. The Enlightenment period is represented by the Andrássy family libraries in the Betliar manor and the Apponyi family in Oponice. 

Towards a Bipolar World. Book Review of ‘The Second World War and the Transformation of International Relations: From Multipolarity to a Bipolar World’ edited by L.S. Belousov and A.S. Manykin

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-234
Author(s):  
V. I. Batyuk
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Level

In 2020 the whole world commemorated the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II — the most horrifi c war in the human history. However, the celebration of the victory over fascism was overshadowed by the growing tension among the leading actors of contemporary international relations. In this context, a high level of responsibility falls on the academic community to rebuff politically motivated attempts to rewrite history and revise the outcomes of this war. The book under review could make an important contribution to that end. The book provides a comprehensive and balanced analysis of the history of World War II. The reviewer emphasizes that rather than providing a detailed examination of military operations the authors focused on their impact on the development of the international relations system. In particular, the book provides a detailed picture of the complex interactions within the strategic triangle — the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain — both during the war and in the years after the war. As a result, the book under review not only provides an opportunity to better understand the key trends in relationships between the Great Powers during the war, but also sheds new light on the origins of the bipolar system and the beginning of the Cold War. The reviewer concludes that, despite sometimes excessively Eurocentric approach of the authors, this book is a seminal work on the history of World War II and a major event for the Russian academic community. As such, this book can be recommended to both professional historians and a wider audience.

scholarly journals “Identity issues” and lines of internal divisions in Montenegro

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 395-422
Author(s):  
Dragan Djukanovic
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Moment

The history of Montenegro in the 20th and the early 21st century shows that the divisions were very prominent, these including the moment when the Kingdom of Montenegro had been created (after 1918), the period during World War II (1941-1945) as well as the time when its state and legal position was to be resolved. Similar lines of divisions in the Montenegrin society became dominant again during the dissolution of former SFR Yugoslavia (1991-1999) as well as immediately before and after the referendum on the status of the state in 2006 concerning primarily the set of the so-called identity issues. Those issues include the images and contents of Montenegro?s state symbols, the official language (the Montenegrin language since 2007) and the status of the canonically unrecognised Montenegrin Orthodox Church. At the same time, the author points to the disagreements of political actors in Montenegro regarding its membership in the NATO. This prevents the possibility of achieving as broad as possible consensus on the foreign policy identity and orientation of this country. Finally, the author concludes that it is necessary to achieve a broad internal consensus and make a compromise in Montenegro concerning the set of identity issues mentioned above in order to prevent the traditional division in the society.

scholarly journals Wo manchmal die Gebeine bleichen

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Żuchowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
World War ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The status of cemeteries in European culture is unique. Tombs with inscriptionsinforming about the names of the buried are peculiar examples of historical documentswhich persuasively illustrate the history of a given region by revealing thetruth about the nationality, religious beliefs, and social status of the buried. Thus,cemeteries become unique reservoirs of memory, sometimes turning into objects ofideologically biased interest and even destruction. That was the case of the Protestantcemeteries in Poland which suffered as a result of historical ideologization affectingthe regions formerly populated by Germans. A metaphorical account of thatprocess can be found in The Call of the Toad, a novel by Günter Grass.However, the problem is much more complicated. Since the 19th century changesin urban planning of European cities resulted in transforming cemeteries into parks.Various developments of this kind can be observed in Poznań, where till 1939 cemeterieswere connected to particular confessions, and, with an exception of the garrisoncemetery, there were no burying grounds open to all. The cemeteries which belongedto parishes and communities were taken over by the city and gradually transformedinto parks, except the historic ones (the Roman Catholic cemetery on Wzgórze Św.Wojciecha, the Protestant Holy Cross cemetery on Ogrodowa St., and the Jewishcemetery on Głogowska St.). Such changes required a proper waiting period from themoment of the burying ground’s closing to its final disappearance. Fifty years afterthe last burial a cemetery could be officially taken over by the city. Transformationswhich began at the beginning of the 20th century were continued in the 1930s, to becompleted in the 1950s.Under the Nazi occupation, the decrees of the administrator of the Warthegaumade it possible for the city to take over the confessional cemeteries (Roman Catholic,Jewish, and Protestant). Those regulations remained valid after World War II. TheCity Council took over Protestant and Jewish cemeteries, and removed some RomanCatholic ones. Some of them have been transformed into parks. Consequently, all theProtestant and Jewish cemeteries, and some Roman Catholic ones, disappeared fromthe city map in 1945–1973. Most of them have been changed into parks and squares.The Protestant cemeteries were considered German and the parks located on suchareas received significant names, e.g., Victory Park, Partisans’ Park, etc. Cemeterieswere often being closed in a hurry and until today on some construction sites contractorscan find human bones.

scholarly journals Politologii polskiej meandry

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Karol B. JANOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Science ◽  
World War ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Scientific Status ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In

The paper contains the author’s attempt to review the history of Polish political science from World War II to the present day, its condition and characteristics. The progress political science has made in Poland has been crowned by its achieving the status of a rightful science, recognized by the representatives of numerous renowned fields of study. However, the factors that have contributed to the present status quo have also been administrative, even political. Yet these have neither determined the place of political science nor are they decisive in terms of its status in academia now. The stage of demonstrating its scientific status is already behind political science which, firstly, has demonstrated a clearly defined range of research issues, secondly, has undertaken significant research and arrived at valuable conclusions, and thirdly, has attracted competent, increasingly more versatile and thoroughly educated professionals. At present, political science is facing the challenges reminiscent of those faced by the remaining social sciences. In these terms, political science has not reached the limits of its transformation or capacity.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

Recasting Bourgeois Europe

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Maier ◽  
Charles S. Maier
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
European History ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Economic Stabilization

The author, one of the most prominent contemporary scholars of European history, published this, his first book, in 1975. Based on extensive archival research, the book examines how European societies progressed from a moment of social vulnerability to one of political and economic stabilization. Arguing that a common trajectory calls for a multi country analysis, the book provides a comparative history of three European nations—France, Germany, and Italy—and argues that they did not simply return to a prewar status quo, but achieved a new balance of state authority and interest group representation. While most previous accounts presented the decade as a prelude to the Depression and dictatorships, the author suggests that the stabilization of the 1920s, vulnerable as it was, foreshadowed the more enduring political stability achieved after World War II. The immense and ambitious scope of this book, its ability to follow diverse histories in detail, and its effort to explain stabilization—and not just revolution or breakdown—have made it a classic of European history.

THE ROLE AND ROLE OF OIL POLICY IN SAUDI ARABIA IN POST WORLD WAR II ECONOMIC LIFE

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Maftuna Sanoqulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oil Policy

This article consists of the politics which connected with oil in Saudi Arabia after the World war II , the relations of economical cooperations on this matter and the place of oil in the history of world economics

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