scholarly journals MULTIPURPOSE VESSEL FLEET FOR SHORT BLACK SEA SHIPPING THROUGH MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS

Brodogradnja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-101
Author(s):  
Petar Georgiev ◽  
◽  
Yordan Garbatov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Hull Form ◽  
Transportation Demand ◽  
Fleet Sizing ◽  
Operational Profile ◽  
Multimodal Transport ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cargo Transportation

A study about the requirements and cargo transportation demand in the Black Sea as part of a multimodal transportation frame is performed, estimating the potential need of a ship fleet of multipurpose ships. The study performs conceptual multipurpose vessel design and fleet sizing using the long-time experience and statistics in defining main dimensions of the ship and her hull form, resistance and propulsion, weights, stability, free-board, seakeeping and manoeuvrability, capital, operational and decommissioning expenditure, where the optimal design solution is obtained based on the energy efficiency, shipbuilding, operation, and resale costs at the end of the service life. A discussion about possible applications of a different fleet of ship sizes in improving the cargo transportation efficiency considers the vessel's typical operational profile in such a way to maximise the economic impact conditional of the unsteady cargo flow and environmental impact.

Georgian Historians and the Ideological Confrontation Between East and West

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-164
Author(s):  
George Gotsiridze
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
East And West

The work, on the one hand, highlights the mission of Europe, as an importer of knowledge, which has for centuries been the center of gravity for the whole world, and, on the other hand, the role of the Black Sea Region, as an important part of the Great Silk Road, which had also for a long time been promoting the process of rap-prochement and exchange of cultural values between East and West peoples, until it became the ‘inner lake’ of the Ottoman Empire, and today it reverts the function of rapproching and connecting civilizations. The article shows the importance of the Black Sea countries in maintaining overall European stability and in this context the role of historical science. On the backdrop of the ideological confrontation between Georgian historians being inside and outside the Iron Curtain, which began with the foundation of the Soviet Union, the research sheds light on the merit of the Georgian scholars-in-exile for both popularization of the Georgian culture and science in Eu-rope and for importing advanced (European) scientific knowledge to Georgia. Ex-change of knowledge in science and culture between the Black Sea region and Europe will enrich and complete each other through impact and each of them will have unique, inimitative features.

The northern Black Sea and North Caucasus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valenina Mordvinceva ◽  
Sabine Reinhold
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northern Shore ◽  
Greek Colonization

This chapter surveys the Iron Age in the region extending from the western Black Sea to the North Caucasus. As in many parts of Europe, this was the first period in which written sources named peoples, places, and historical events. The Black Sea saw Greek colonization from the seventh century BC and its northern shore later became the homeland of the important Bosporan kingdom. For a long time, researchers sought to identify tribes named by authors such as Herodotus by archaeological means, but this ethno-deterministic perspective has come under critique. Publication of important new data from across the region now permits us to draw a more coherent picture of successive cultures and of interactions between different parts of this vast area, shedding new light both on local histories and on the role ‘The East’ played in the history of Iron Age Europe.

scholarly journals On the possible presence of oxygen in the upper sediment layer of the hydrogen sulfide zone in the Black Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
P. A. Stunzhas ◽  
M. B. Gulin ◽  
A. G. Zatsepin ◽  
E. A. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
Sediment Layer ◽  
Bottom Water Layer ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

In the northeastern Black Sea the search was performed for living eukaryotic organisms (micro- and meiobenthos) in hypoxic and anoxic conditions as well as measurement of O2 in the bottom water layer and in the upper layer of sediments. The results have shown the presence of a deep maximum abundance of zoobenthos in a depth range of 215–244 m. This aggregation of benthic fauna occupies a layer of 30 m along the vertical. In general, the proportion of active meiobenthos was no greater than 1.5% of the total number of organisms recorded from the sample.The presence of aerobic benthos near the upper boundary of the H2S zone can be explained by: sliding down of sediments from a higher depth; quasi-periodic O2 supply due to fluctuations in the position of the isopycna and/or sinking of waters downslope in the bottom Ekman layer. Also, in the case of physical entry of oxygen into the bottom layer, it can remain for a relatively long time in the upper part of the H2S zone due to the lack of deep Mn+2 flux and reaction with it.

“Steamboat Sociality” along the Danube and the Black Sea (mid-1830s–mid-1850s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-228
Author(s):  
Constantin Ardeleanu
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Social Encounters ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Early Phases

This paper explores the social dimension of cruising by looking at new forms of sociality created by the advent of steamboats along the Danube and in the Black Sea. Since a Viennese steamship company introduced cruises between Vienna and Istanbul in the mid-1830s, Austrian steamboats became a busy stage of diverse social encounters. The idea of ships as “floating spaces”, “historical arenas” or “contact zones” in which different cultures meet has been developed by scholars for a long time. Framed within the new mobilities paradigm, this paper details a large range of social interactions on board Austrian steamers based on the accounts of more than a dozen travellers who plied along the Vienna–Istanbul route in the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s. With sociality as an integral part of modern transportation, this paper analyses the early phases in the industrialisation and commodification of travelling and focuses on the social experiences that steamboat cruising provided to customers.

scholarly journals Trabzon and Samsun during Turkey’s Struggle for Liberation and Independence in Mikhail Frunze’s and Evgeniy Lansere’s Travel Diaries (1921–1922)

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
R. I. Zalyaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Travel Diary ◽  
Travel Diaries ◽  
Cargo Transportation

The article strives to restore historical impression of the Turkish cities Trabzon and Samson located on the Anatolian littoral of the Black Sea and episodes of their daily life during the period of National Struggle for liberation and independence under the leadership of Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha on the base of Mikhail Frunze’s travel diary “A Trip to Angora” («Поездка в Ангору») and Silver Age artist Eugene Lansere’s travel diary “Summer in Angora” («Лето в Ангоре»). Frunze visited Trabzon and Samsun in November-December, 1921 during his journey to Ankara and once again in January, 1922 en route back to Russia from Ankara. Lansere also visited Trabzon and Samsun in June, 1922 during his journey to Ankara and repeatedly passed Trabzon in October of the same year, going home to Russia from Turkey. Both Frunze and Lansere became direct eye-witnesses of these cities’ everyday lives during the days of National Struggle in Turkey. Moreover, in their travel diaries they narrated valuable data regarding everyday life, roadsteads, economics, and their meetings with Turkish officials in those cities. Travel diaries of Mikhail Frunze and Eugene Lansere supplement each other in a very precise way, restoring impressions of Trabzon and Samsun. We provide here Eugene Lansere's sketches of the Persian camel caravan in Trabzon, his sketch of passengers and cargo transportation from steamships to the shore in Samsun, while a drawing of wooden barge can serve an additional visual source to Frunze’s records on Trabzon and Samsun.

scholarly journals Ancient Burial Mounds as a Symbolic System

Archaeology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Svitlana Ivanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Burial Mound ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Central European ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
Early Farmers

Analysis of early dates and stratigraphy of burial mound complexes (the second half of the V millennium BC) led to the conclusion, that they are not directly related to the burial embankment, but relate to complex monumental structures — sanctuaries. The sanctuaries preceded the burial mounds in chronological aspect, and they functioned for a long time without creating an embankment above them. The part of sanctuaries had astronomical reference points and were connected to calendar-zodiac symbolism. Sometimes burials were carried out on the territory of sanctuaries; these burials had sacral nature. These were flat burials and the mound above them were not erected. Burial mounds above the sanctuaries began to appear after burials of later epochs were carried out in sacral places (not earlier than 38/37 BC.). These mounds erroneously are associated with flat burials or ground sanctuaries. The dating of burial mounds by the dating of sacral flat burials (or by the dating of «pillar sanctuaries») mistakenly depreciated the dating of appearance of the first mounds in the Steppe Black Sea region and Transcaucasia. The separation of these complexes in time and space (the flat ground sanctuary and the burial mound itself) allowed drawing conclusions about the existence of this sanctuaries in 45—40 BC. The burial mounds appear later, their installation in the place of sanctuaries is connected with the sacral nature of the place. Throughout Europe, barrows appear almost simultaneously, in 38/37 BC, although in different cultures. It is possible to assume the Central European and Lower Danube influence on the formation of ideological ideas of the Steppe population. In particular, the phenomenon of sanctuaries of the Middle Eneolithic may have originated under Central European influence. It obviously had structural similarities with other complexes built in accordance with the movement of the celestial luminaries in the late Neolithic of Central and Atlantic Europe. The appearance of sanctuaries can be attributed to the circle of archaeological evidence of the interaction between the world of early farmers of Southeast and Central Europe and the "steppe" world of the pastoralists. The barrows of the Black Sea and Caucasian steppe are synchronous with European burial mounds, and their ancientization and equation with the dating of sanctuaries is erroneous.

scholarly journals ABKHAZIAN AG(A)-NYKHA AND CIRCASSIAN AHYN: TO THE HISTORY OF ONE RITUAL ORDER.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Г. АГАБАБЯН
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Modern Family ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Relationship

Предлагаемая статья посвящена подробному рассмотрению любопытного правила, которое можно охарактеризовать как господствующий акциональный элемент двух географически соседствующих ритуальных культов, известных на территории Причерноморского культурного ареала. Так называемое правило смены мест / чередования акторов при осуществлении действий с жертвенным животным стало неповторимой составляющей функционирующего в современности фамильного молебна Аг(а)-ныха и прекратившего свое бытование более столетия назад торжества в честь «божества» Ахын. Однако этому факту, за исключением единичных намеков некоторых этнографов, долгое время не придавалось должного значения, а предположение о возможной близости и общности происхождения обоих празднеств умалчивалось. На примере собранных автором данных во время полевых экспедиционных исследований в Абхазии и Шапсугии и имеющегося в академическом доступе кавказского / северокавказского фольклорного материала (народные песни, фамильные предания) осуществляется подробный структурно-семантический анализ центральных сюжетов, который показывает значимость зафиксированного порядка действий при церемониалах. Наряду с этим сюжетом, нами выделяется целый комплекс нарративов в виде легенд и сказочных повествований, которые идеологически оправдывают необходимость организации этих обрядов и вносят ясность в вопрос об их историческом родстве (змееборческий мотив, самошествующая жертва и др.). Следовательно, идея о вероятной преемственности одного культа от другого становится действительно резонной. Оба случая — и абхазский Аг(а)-ныха, и черкесский Ахын — могут оказаться также осколочными локальными версиями более широкой в мифологическом контексте традиции, что требует дальнейших уточнений и сверки. The article considers in detail an order that can be characterized as the dominant element of the two ritual cults in the Black Sea cultural area. So-called rule of changing the places / alternation of actors when carrying out actions with the sacrificial animal became a unique component of the modern family prayer Ag (a) — nykha and the celebration of Ahуn’s «deity», that ceased its existence more than a century ago. This fact, with the exception of individual hints of some ethnographers, hasn’t been given due importance for a long time, and the supposition about the possible proximity and common origin of this celebrations was hushed up. On the example of the data collected by the author during fieldwork in Abkhazia and Shapsugia and the available in the academic access of the Caucasian / North Caucasian folk material (songs, family legends), a detailed structural and semantic analysis of the central plots is carried out which shows the significance of the fixed procedure for ceremonies. Along with this plot, we distinguish a whole complex of narratives (legends and fairy tales), which ideologically justify the necessity of organizing these rituals and clarify the issue of their historical relationship (motive of battle with a snake, herself going cow, etc.). Consequently, the idea of the probable continuity of one cult from another becomes really reasonable. But Abkhazian Ag (a) — nykha and Circassian Ahyn can be the local versions of a wider mythological tradition, and this idea requires further clarification and reconciliation.

“Because for a long time (the Gods of Zalpa) have been ignored ..Hence these offerings in this way do we donate”. New Celebrations in the Zalpuwa Land

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Corti
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Funerary Ritual

AbstractIn this contribution a new group of documents, individualized by the writer, is introduced. It is connected to the ancient city of Zalpa on the Black Sea and is entitled “Celebrations in the Zalpuwa Land” (CTH 667): the religious ceremonies described, as well as several participants and the majority of the places mentioned in these tablets, don’t find parallel in Hittite documentation known to us. On the basis of the analyzed elements, it is proposed to assign the colophon of the funerary ritual for the sovereign, IBoT 2.130 to these texts; moreover, it is held that, unlike the scenario that up until now has been reconstructed, the region of Zalpa was recovered once again by the Hittites in the imperial period.

scholarly journals Portrait of a necessary Ponto-Baltic alliance: Polish commercial road projects towards the Balkans and the Black Sea, 1919 – 1926

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-202
Author(s):  
Florin Anghel
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polish Space ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Foreign Commerce

The economic expression of the Romanian-Polish military and political alliance undoubtedly had to be represented by the rebirth of the Baltic-Pontic commercial road, as the flow of products coming into and towards the Polish space had been artificially directed, during the 19th century, as a result of understandable political and economic interests, towards the North and the Adriatic Seas, instead of the Baltic and Black Seas. A Polish commercial road towards the Balkans obviously comprised economic, financial and strategic components. One of them referred to building an alternative to the continental routes dominated by Germany (Rhine, Main, Danube); the aim was chiefly to break a dangerous monopoly in the region of Central Europe and the Baltic area. Foreign commerce on the two relations did not enjoy, in any period between the two world wars, a spectacular evolution and never reached an important point. The arguments are based on strictly economic and financial elements: 1. Romania and Poland produced largely the same type of merchandise: there were basically similar raw materials (cereal, coal, oil), the products had a very low degree of processing, and one could earn more and more assuredly with the export type-products on traditional markets (mainly Western Europe); 2. Even if there was a great interest in a partner or a product on the other market, the transport thereof took a very long time. Between Warsaw and Bucharest there was a simple, inefficient and unsafe railroad; there was no preoccupation in the ’20s for the revamping or modernizing of the transport and service infrastructure (telephone, telegraph, post) between the two states; 3. Last, but not least, although the two states had a great number of inhabitants – and, thus, an extremely important potential for buying and consumption – the potential was strongly handicapped by the standard of living. The scanty Polish projects and investments on the Baltic – Black Sea axis have completed – and have not influenced – the general frame of Romanian – Polish relations, essentially based on political, diplomatic and military interests.

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