scholarly journals Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Bagmati River in Kathmandu Valley

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. A64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shraddha K C ◽  
Apil Gurung ◽  
Laxmi Chaulagain ◽  
Shobha Amagain ◽  
Smrity Ghimire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Bacteriological Analysis ◽  
Bagmati River

Water quality management planning zone development by introducing a GIS tool in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-R. Ha ◽  
D. Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
River Pollution ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Bagmati River

This research was conducted to identify the critical pollution (BOD, TN, TP) areas and to develop the priority mitigation zone for the Bagmati River pollution in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal. A GIS tool was used to define and identify the critical pollution areas and sources. Pollution source information such as population, livestock, industry and land use were collected on the basis of the individual village boundary. The industrial, land use and living pollution were aggregated by the GIS overlay analysis capability to obtain the combined pollution load within the watershed. Priority areas for the mitigation of the pollution were defined considering the pollution loading rate, distance of stream from pollution source, and political, religious, and touristic values of the area. This research noticed that Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur municipalities are the major polluting areas and living beings are the major factors of Bagmati River pollution. Delivery ratio for the watershed was found to vary from 40-69% for BOD and nitrogen but the delivery of phosphorus was exceptionally high (92% at Gaurighat and 77% at Chovar) due to cremation activity of the Hindu religion on the riverbanks. Thus, the priority areas for the mitigation of the carbonaceous and nutrient source pollution were identified. At present the land use and industry impaired a very low contribution compared to the huge pollution load from the municipalities to the river system.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and Bacteriological Water Analysis of Bagmati and Bishnumati River

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Shah ◽  
Shashi Bhushan Chaturwedi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Bagmati River

 Water pollution, one of the serious environmental issues of the world, results from contaminants being introduced into the natural environment. This study was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory, DAV College, Dhobighat, Lalitpur, Nepal from January to May 2018 with aims to assess the physicochemical and microbiological status of river water of Kathmandu valley. All together 60 water samples were collected, 20 water samples each from different places of Bagmati river, Bishnumati river and river junction (Teku Dovan). The physicochemical parameters including pH, ammonia and iron, hardness and alkalinity were analyzed by standard methods and the microbiological parameters such as total mesophilic count and total coliform count were analyzed by pour plate technique. Among all 60 water samples tested, the temperature (12.8°C), BOD value (3.11 mg/l), iron value (0.87 mg/l) and turbidity (102.2NTU) were found to be highest in Bagmati river water samples whereas the value of TSS (755.2 mg/l), TDS (748.4 mg/l), copper (0.01 mg/l) and COD (911.5 PPM) were found to be highest in water of Bishnumati river. The heavy meals Manganese (0.29 mg/l) and Nickel (0.01 mg/l) were detected only in Bishnumati river water samples. The river junction water samples showed the exceeded value of DO (9.56 mg/l) and chloride (0.12 mg/l). All the 60 samples showed total mesophilic counts more than 300 cfu/ml and the average number of total mesophilic counts were found to be 5.21×106 cfu/ml. The average number of total coliform counts were found to be 2.1×105 cfu/ml in the water samples of Bagmati river, Bishnumati river and river junction. Most of the tested parameter of the samples had more than the standard value of water quality indicating the deterioration of river water quality and thus may affect the aquatic as well as human and animal lives.

scholarly journals Ecological Study on Zooplankton of Some Fresh Water Bodies of Kathmandu Valley With Reference to Water Quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sunil Ram Vaidya ◽  
Umakant Roy Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Bagmati River ◽  
Lentic Water

The present investigation was carried out in Bagmati river (Lotic water body), Taudah lake, Nag pokhari pond, Siddha pokhari pond and Godavari fish pond (Lentic water bodies) of the Kathmandu valley from May 2000 to April 2002. A monthly samples of water and zooplanktons were collected from those sites and analyzed for the entire twenty four months period. Only three groups of zooplankton viz: Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda were collected from the lotic and lentic water bodies. It was observed that Rotifers were found to be more diversified than Cladocerans and Copepods in all water bodies except in Nagpokhari. A total of seventy one species of zooplankton were recorded during that period. The lentic water bodies supported a higher species richness constituting seventy species whereas the lotic water bodies constituted only seven species of zooplankton. All investigated zooplanktons Rotifera, Cladodera and Copepoda were found contagiously distributed in all lentic water bodies. In the Bagmati river, Rotifers were recorded only in the upstream zone. Cladocerans predominated (74 %) in the upstream, Copepods predominated (70 %) in the mid-stream and again Cladocerans predominated (60 %) in the down-stream of the river. Among the investigated water bodies, the species richness was found higher in Godavari fish pond (36 species) than Taudah lake (35 species), Siddha pokhari (34 species) and Nag pokhari (26 species).The water quality of the investigated waterbodies were found to be deteriorated due to discharge of untreated effluents,solid wastes and poor conservation practices.Journal of Natural History Museum Vol. 23, 2008 Page 1-11

scholarly journals Danuwargaun Fault as a trigger for draining of the Palaeo-Kathmandu Lake, central Nepal

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harutaka Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Flow Direction ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Southern Margin ◽  
Bagmati River

A normal fault named as the Danuwargaun Fault was discovered in the southern margin of the Kathmandu Valley. The fault is trending NE-SW and dipping 80 to 90°at NW. The secondary minor faults run along the fault, and a sand dyke intrudes into flu vial beds, trending N 54°E with dip of 80° toward NW. As the northeastern extension of the fault seems to cut the Lukundol Formation and terrace gravel of the Chapagaun Formation (Shrestha et al. 1998), the fault might be active. A change of flow direction of the Bagmati River from N-S to NE-SW near the fault exposure suggests that the draining of the Palaeo-Kathmandu Lake was possibly caused by faulting in the southern margin of the valley.

scholarly journals Water quality status of groundwater and municipal water supply (tap water) from Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pabitra Bhandari ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Samikshya Kandel ◽  
Deepa Shree Rawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Bagmati River

Abstract Poor waste management in the Kathmandu valley has deteriorated the water quality of surface and groundwater sources. The objective of this study was to assess the status of water quality (WQ) in drinking water sources of groundwater and municipal supply (tap water) from the Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu valley. A total of 52 water samples from deep tube-well, tube-well, dug-well, and tap water were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The results revealed that chloride, total hardness (TH), copper, nitrate, sulfate, and turbidity were within the recommendations of the National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). Total coliform (TC) bacteria in 84.6% of the samples exceeded drinking water guidelines. Similarly, the isolates of different enteric bacteria, namely Escherichia coli (21.5%), Citrobacter spp. (20.9%), Klebsiella spp. (19.8%), Proteus spp. (13.9%), Enterobacter spp. (8.72%), Salmonella spp. (5.8%), Shigella spp. (5.2%), and Pseudomonas (4.1%) were identified in the samples collected from the respective sources. Out of the 52 water samples, 7.7% of samples had fecal contamination of somatic coliphage. The groundwater and municipal water supply in the study area are not safe for drinking purposes. Treatment of water is required before its use for household applications.

scholarly journals Water quality assessment along the segments of Bagmati River in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Binod Baniya ◽  
Nitesh Khadka ◽  
Shravan Kumar Ghimire ◽  
Hom Baniya ◽  
Shankar Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Bagmati River ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Identification of pollution in the river helps to know the state of the river ecosystem. The study aimed to assess the water quality of the Bagmati River by analyzing the physical and chemical condition and comparing it with national and international standards. The water samples were taken from 10 different sampling sites along the length of the Bagmati River inside Kathmandu Valley, i.e., from Sundarijal to Saibubhanjyang. A total of 30 physical and chemical parameters were examined. The results showed that the pH ranges from 6.0 to 7.5 in different sampling locations. The highest dissolved oxygen (DO) (8.5 mg/L) was found at the upstream while the lowest, i.e., 3.4 mg/L and 3.5 mg/L, was found at the urban core of the valley, i.e., Teku and Thapathali, respectively. The BOD, COD, oil, and grease considerably exceeded the WHO and national generic effluent standard. Most of the heavy metals in the river water were below the range of standard. The concentrations of all pesticides were found below 10 µg/L except heptachlor exoepoxide. The highest concentration of heptachlor exoepoxide (75 µg/L) was found at Balkhu, followed by Thapathali (69 µg/L) and Teku (62 µg/L). The result showed that the middle-urbanized segment, i.e., from Gokarna to Teku, is heavily polluted than the upstream and downstream segments of the river. The results are of great significance for policy formulation and implementation of the ecosystem restoration project of Bagmati River in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal.

In the Valley of Dhunge Dhara

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Colopy
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Large Lake ◽  
The West ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Deep Waters ◽  
Bagmati River ◽  
The Himalaya

The Kathmandu Valley was once a lake. Ancient stories tell us the valley was created when the Boddhisattva Manjushree came to worship a divine lotus planted in the lake long before by a messenger of the as yet unborn Buddha. Manjushree could not reach the lotus because of the deep waters, so with a sword he smote the rocks in a narrow gorge and drained the lake. Geological evidence supports the mythic lake that Manjushree is said to have emptied. The Kathmandu Valley is a basin at an altitude of approximately 4,000 feet between the lower and the middle hills of the Himalaya. As the Himalaya were shoved north into the Tibetan plateau, many valleys were created between the folds of the hills. If a landslide were to block the main exit from such a valley, it might begin to fill up with water from rivers and springs. Around two million years ago, it seems a large lake formed in this fashion in the Kathmandu Valley’s bowl of wooded hillsides. Long after, perhaps because of a big earthquake, or a series of jolts over many years, a channel opened a gorge at the west end of the valley. What would later be called the Bagmati River spilled out, finding its way down to what is now the Ganga and leaving the valley dry by around 10,000 years ago. There were, as far as we know, no people living in the path of any such Bagmati flood, so none were harmed. Instead, the draining of the valley led to the superb conditions the earliest settlers would eventually exploit: terraces and knolls, rich soil, springs, rivers, and shallow aquifers. It is enticing to imagine that the myth captures some distant human memory of the events that helped to create this perfect valley. We know these hills and mountains have been a crossroads for restless mankind since before any recorded history. Perhaps even for thousands of years before the oldest inscriptions give us hints about settlements and rulers in the valley, people were peacefully going about their business here.

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