scholarly journals Reflective Groundcover Improves Fruit Skin Color in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples Grown under Protective Netting

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Giverson Mupambi ◽  
Nadia A. Valverdi ◽  
Hector Camargo-Alvarez ◽  
Michelle Reid ◽  
Lee Kalcsits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Film Material ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Fruit Skin

In semiarid apple (Malus domestica) growing regions, high temperatures and excessive solar radiation can increase the risk of sunburn development. Protective netting is increasingly used as a cultural practice under these conditions to mitigate fruit sunburn losses. However, fruit skin color development can be negatively affected under protective nets due to the reduction in light availability. Reflective groundcovers have been previously reported to increase fruit color development, particularly in the inner parts of the tree canopy. Here, we compared two types of reflective groundcover: a woven polyethylene fabric and a film material with a grassed control without reflective material under a protective netting installation that reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by 17%. The experiment was conducted in a semiarid climate on a 5-year-old ‘Cameron Select Honeycrisp’ apple orchard near Quincy, WA. Light penetration into the canopy was measured with a PAR sensor. At harvest, fruit quality, yield, and size were assessed. The use of reflective groundcover between the rows significantly increased reflected PAR into the lower canopy. Moreover, reflective groundcovers significantly increased the amount of fruit with greater than 25% skin red color compared with the control. Reflective groundcover did not affect fruit weight, yield, and fruit number. The use of reflective groundcover under protective netting can increase light penetration into the canopy, thereby improving fruit skin red coloration in apple.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISASI PALA (Myristica fragrans L.) DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE BERDASARKAN MORFOLOGI BUAH DAN DAUN

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Widya Lusye Legoh ◽  
Semuel Runtunuwu ◽  
Sesilia Wanget
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Fruit Flesh ◽  
Fruit Skin

This study aims to characterize nutmeg in Sangihe based on the morphology of leaves and fruit. The research was carried out in the Sangihe Islands District from April to August 2019. The research was conducted in six sub-districts and two villages were selected as each research location. The six sub-districts with two villages per sub-district were Sub-district of Tabukan Selatan (Lesabe Village and Malamenggu Village), Sub-district of Kendahe (Kendahe 1 Village and Kendahe 2 Village), Sub-district of Manganitu (Taloarane Village and Bakalaeng Village), Sub-district of Tabukan Selatan Tengah (Hangke Village and Salurang Village), Sub-district of Tamako (Balane Village and Upel Village) Sub-district of Tahuna Barat (Pananekeng Village and Angges Village). Using the direct survey method in the farmers' nutmeg area. Next, the selection of nutmeg plants aged 15 years and above that has fruitful and healthy trees. After that the observations were made on the morphology of the selected nutmeg fruits and leaves. Variables observed were: leaf shape, leaf color, fruit shape, fruit skin color, fruit flesh color, mace color, fruit length, fruit diameter, seed fresh weight, seed length, seed diameter, mace fresh weight. The data obtained were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the study showed that the shape of nutmeg on Sangihe Island consisted of round and long, the leaf shape consisted of elongated round and between long jorong and round leaves, the leaf color consisted of green and dark green, the shape of round and elliptic seeds, the color of red mace , white fruit flesh color, yellow fruit skin color, the highest average fresh fruit weight is in Balane Village (59.41 g), the highest average seed weight is in Malamenggu Village (9.90 g), average fresh weight the highest mace is found in Lesabe Village (1.73 g).*eprm*

scholarly journals (337) Effect of Selenium Supply by Trunk Injection on Fruit Quality of `Niitaka' Asian Pear

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083E-1084
Author(s):  
Wol-Soo Kim ◽  
Jung-An Jo ◽  
Soon-Ju Chung
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Selenium Treatment ◽  
Trunk Injection

Many trials to supply selenium to fruit have been carried out since tests have confirmed selenium's role as a medical substance. Supplying selenium in orchards by soil and foliar application was not effective because of loss from rainfall. In order to increase selenium absorption by fruit, this study carried out tree trunk injections during the growing season. Selenium solutions in concentrations of 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg·L–1 were supplied to `Niitaka' pear (Pyruspyrifolia) trees by trunk injection (1.5 L/tree) four times at 15-day intervals from June 2004. The treatment with 50 mg·L–1 selenium showed necrosis symptoms at leaf-margins after secondary treatment and toxicity as abnormally red fruit skin color. Fruit weight and leaf area were decreased by selenium treatments, while severe symptoms appeared with higher selenium concentrations. Hunter values `a' and `b' in fruit skin color were increased by selenium treatment in comparison to the control. The selenium treatment showed lower soluble solids by as much as 1.2%, and higher fruit firmness. Selenium concentration in pear fruit was increased by trunk injection with a 5 mg·L–1 solution. The bound selenium in pear fruit after 3 months of storage in cold room conditions was very high, but free selenium was low.

scholarly journals Varate Giduga (Acc. No. 21067; IC No. 418238) : A unique mango (Mangifera indica L.) variety

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Dinesh M R ◽  
Sankaran M ◽  
Ravishankar K V ◽  
Sunil Gowda
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Dark Green

Varate Giduga is one of the unique variety from Sirsi region of Karnataka. The tree is Semi-circular shaped with dense foliage, leaves about 25cm long; dark green in colour with wavy margin. It is a very consistent and heavy producer. The fruit of this tree matures by mid-April and fruit has a distinctive yellow skin color on fruit exposed to the sun. The fruit shape is round, fruit weight ranged from 350-400 g, fruit length was 9.8 cm, fruit diameter was 9.2 cm, fruit thickness was 8.0cm and bisexual flowers were 16.53%. Biochemical constituents such as the total phenols (317.50 mg/100 g), flavonoids (5.79 mg/100g), carotenoids (1.46 mg/100 g) and acidity (0.19%) were recorded which suggests that these characters are unique as compared to other varieties. The fruit skin is rough and glossy in appearance and the fruit has little or no fiber. It is very delicious in taste with high pulp percentage (74.0%) and high TSS (23.4º B). The flesh color is orange. The fruits have deep orange firm pulp and very sweet with pleasant flavor. Besides,several other traits have drawn special attention to this mango variety as it has large sized fruits (Fig-1), late variety with very good taste, fruit can be cut into two halves by retaining the stone in one half, regular bearer and fruit fly resistant genotype because of its thick peel and high phenolic content in pulp (317.50 mg/100 g).

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Skin Pigmentation and Flesh Starch Breakdown of ‘Gala’ Apple

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1116-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huicong Wang ◽  
Lailiang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Starch Breakdown ◽  
Color Development ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Fruit Skin

Apple maturity is often assessed by starch hydrolysis index, skin color, soluble solids, flesh firmness, and the rate of ethylene evolution. In red-fruited apple cultivars, the intensity and extent of coloration is an important consideration in determining the time of fruit harvest. Negative relationships have been found between tree nitrogen (N) status and fruit skin pigmentation, but how N affects flesh starch breakdown has not been examined in detail. The objective of this study was to determine how N supply affects flesh starch breakdown relative to skin color development. Seven-year-old ‘Gala’/M.26 trees were provided with four levels of N (8.8, 26.4, 52.7, and 105.4 g N per tree) in a modified Hoagland's solution. The effects of N supply on yield, fruit quality, and fruit maturation were evaluated. At harvest, fruit in the lowest N treatment was significantly smaller and had lower soluble solids but higher starch concentration, better color, and higher firmness than those grown at higher N supplies. Increasing N supply decreased both anthocyanin synthesis and chlorophyll degradation in fruit skin. Flesh starch concentration was higher at higher N supply at 38 days before harvest but was lower at higher N supply at harvest. Starch degradation was completed earlier during cold storage with increasing N supply. These results indicate that increasing N supply delays skin red color development but accelerates flesh starch degradation in ‘Gala’ apples. These differential effects of N supply should be taken into account when assessing fruit maturity for optimizing harvest time.

scholarly journals Total and diffuse light distribution within the canopy of an apple orchard as affected by reflective ground covers

Italus Hortus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Walaa Shtai ◽  
Marta Petrillo ◽  
Walaa Ben Abdelkader ◽  
Massimo Holtz
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Diffuse Radiation ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Diffuse Light ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Fruit Harvest

In recent years, anti-hail nets have been increasingly used to protect apple orchards. As they reduce the light intensity at canopy level, reflective ground covers are frequently placed on the soil surface before fruit harvest with the main aim to enhance color development in bicolored apples. It is not clear however, to which extent the light penetration inside the whole canopy is affected by the reflective ground covers. We performed a study in an intensively cultivated apple district of South Tyrol (northern Italy), with and without reflective ground covers. We measured light intensity at different heights from the ground and different distances from the tree trunk, using two instruments: an 80- cm long ceptometer and a point-like sensor capable of measuring the diffuse radiation component in addition to the total visible light. We found that the reflective ground cover significantly increased the quantity of diffuse light reflected from the orchard floor. The largest effect was recorded at 1 m height from the ground, but it was still significant at 2.5 m height. The influence of the reflective ground cover was particularly remarkable when sun and tree lines were aligned. The increase of total PAR inside the canopy due to the reflective material was however relatively small, suggesting a moderate effect on tree photosynthesis and therefore on apple yields.

Evaluasi Keragaan Beberapa Hibrida Semangka Koleksi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Makful Makful ◽  
Kuswandi Kuswandi ◽  
Sahlan Sahlan ◽  
Mega Andini
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

Hybrid breeding of watermelon has led to the formation of high-yielding varieties. The objectives of the research were to determine the performance of hybrid watermelon of the Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI) collection and to evaluate the superiority of each hybrid. The research has been conducted at Sumani Experimental Garden, ITFRI, Solok, West Sumatera, from April to July 2016. The material used consisted of 19 cross combinations. The data from this descriptive study were presented in the form of averages and pictures. The results showed that the hybrids that were tested showed diversity in size, fruit skin color, flesh color, skin thickness and fruit sweetness. Hybrids with three excellent characters, i.e. medium fruit weight, high total soluble solids (TSS) value, and moderate rind thickness, were not yet obtained. Hybrids that had the superiority in term of sweet taste and shelf life were BT1 × SGP, BT4 × BT4P, BT5 × BT4, BT6 × SGP and SGP × BT6. Keywords: hybrid, performance, total soluble solids, watermelon   ABSTRAK Pemuliaan hibrida pada semangka mengarah kepada pembentukan varietas berdaya hasil tinggi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaan hibrida semangka koleksi Balitbu Tropika dan untuk mengevaluasi keunggulan masing-masing hibrida Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Sumani, Balitbu Tropika, Solok, Sumatera Barat, dari bulan April sampai dengan Juli 2016. Materi yang digunakan terdiri dari 19 kombinasi persilangan. Data hasil penelitian deskriptif ini ditampilkan dalam bentuk rataan dan gambar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hibrida yang diuji memiliki keragaman dalam ukuran, warna kulit buah, warna daging buah, ketebalan kulit buah dan kemanisan. Belum ditemukan hibrida yang memiliki tiga karakter unggul, yang terdiri dari bobot buah sedang, total padatan terlarut (total soluble solid) tinggi, dan kulit buah agak tebal. Hibrida yang memiliki keunggulan berupa rasa manis dan tahan simpan adalah BT1 × SGP, BT4 × BT4P, BT5 × BT4, BT6 × SGP dan SGP × BT6. Kata kunci: hibrida, keragaan, semangka, total padatan terlarut

scholarly journals Physiological and ecological consequences of the water optical properties degradation on reef corals

Coral Reefs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás López-Londoño ◽  
Claudia T. Galindo-Martínez ◽  
Kelly Gómez-Campo ◽  
Luis A. González-Guerrero ◽  
Sofia Roitman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Reef Corals ◽  
Orbicella Faveolata ◽  
Light Quantity ◽  
Reduced Light

AbstractDegradation of water optical properties due to anthropogenic disturbances is a common phenomenon in coastal waters globally. Although this condition is associated with multiple drivers that affect corals health in multiple ways, its effect on light availability and photosynthetic energy acquisition has been largely neglected. Here, we describe how declining the water optical quality in a coastal reef exposed to a turbid plume of water originating from a man-made channel compromises the functionality of the keystone coral species Orbicella faveolata. We found highly variable water optical conditions with significant effects on the light quantity and quality available for corals. Low-light phenotypes close to theoretical limits of photoacclimation were found at shallow depths as a result of reduced light penetration. The estimated photosynthetically fixed energy depletion with increasing depth was associated with patterns of colony mortality and vertical habitat compression. A numerical model illustrates the potential effect of the progressive water quality degradation on coral mortality and population decline along the depth gradient. Collectively, our findings suggest that preserving the water properties seeking to maximize light penetration through the water column is essential for maintaining the coral reef structure and associated ecosystem services.

scholarly journals The Effect of Weed Competition on Apple Fruit Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ersin ATAY ◽  
Seckin GARGIN ◽  
Ahmet ESITKEN ◽  
N. Pinar GUZEL ◽  
A. Nilgun ATAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
High Density ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

Orchard performance is influenced by weed competition. In this study, the effects of weed competition on nutrient contents, chemical and physical fruit quality properties were sought. The study was carried out in a high-density apple orchard (‘Golden Delicious’/M.9) over two consecutive growing seasons. The effect of weed competition was studied at three different levels: weak, moderate and strong. Fruit firmness, soluble solids content, macronutrients (such as nitrogen, potassium and calcium) and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio in fruit were significantly affected by weed competition. Strong weed competition negatively affected soluble solids content and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio. In both trial years, soluble solids content was significantly higher in weak weed competition. In the first year of the study, soluble solids content ranged between 13.77±0.06% (strong weed competition) and 15.20±0.10% (weak weed competition). In the following year, soluble solids content values were determined as 13.13±0.23% in strong weed competition and 13.83±0.21% in weak weed competition. Weak weed competition showed superiority for fruit weight and potassium+magnesium/calcium ratio. As a whole, this study indicates that insufficient weed control in tree rows might be a limiting factor for fruit quality in high-density apple orchards.

scholarly journals Competition for Light Affects Alfalfa Biomass Production More Than Its Nutritive Value in an Olive-Based Alley-Cropping System

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 233
Author(s):  
Alberto Mantino ◽  
Cristiano Tozzini ◽  
Enrico Bonari ◽  
Marcello Mele ◽  
Giorgio Ragaglini
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Olive Orchard ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Perennial Legumes

Cropping among trees with perennial legumes is one option for increasing agro-ecosystem services, such as improving the nitrogen supply and increasing soil protection by herbaceous vegetation. Moreover, cropping under the canopy of olive trees should diversify the farm production, compared to the traditional fallow management. Among perennial legumes, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) produces abundant biomass under Mediterranean rainfed condition. Based on this, a two-year field experiment was implemented in southern Tuscany in a rainfed olive orchard to test the competition for light effects on alfalfa biomass production and nutritive value. Light availability under the tree canopy was measured by hemispherical photos. In both years, the alfalfa yield of under-canopy varied according to the tree presence. A significant relationship between biomass production and light availability was recorded. The nutritive value of under-canopy alfalfa was similar to that of the open-grown alfalfa. However, same significant differences did however occur, between shaded and sole crop. When differences were found, under-canopy herbage was characterised by a higher content of crude protein and a lower content of fibre with respect to open-grown. In a hilly silvoarable olive orchard, alfalfa biomass accumulation was reduced mainly due to scarce light availability, therefore tree management such as pruning and plantation layout can enhance the herbage productivity. Studying shade tolerant forage legumes in order to enhance the yield and nutritive value of herbage production in rainfed agroforestry systems is essential.

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