scholarly journals Suppression of Annual Bluegrass in Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens Using Plant Growth Regulators

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Paweł Petelewicz ◽  
Paweł M. Orliński ◽  
James H. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Effective Treatments

Decreased stand uniformity together with reduced aesthetics and playability caused by annual bluegrass (Poa annua) intrusion in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) putting greens is one of the major problems that golf course superintendents face with managing newer playing surfaces. Few herbicides are registered for selective control of annual bluegrass in creeping bentgrass greens, and the risk of herbicide resistance remains an issue, thus use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is still the primary method of annual bluegrass suppression. This study was conducted to evaluate eight PGR treatments, employed as a series of 15 consecutive, biweekly applications to suppress annual bluegrass encroachment in ‘Pure Distinction’ creeping bentgrass maintained as a golf course putting green in Los Angeles, CA. Best annual bluegrass suppression was observed with products containing flurprimidol (FP) at 0.256 lb/acre, paclobutrazol (PB) at 0.119 lb/acre, or three-way mixture of FP, trinexapac-ethyl (TE), and PB (FP+PB+TE) at 0.055, 0.014, and 0.055 lb/acre, respectively. Although all treatments caused some significant creeping bentgrass injury, which increased over time, PB at 0.119 lb/acre and FP+PB+TE at 0.055, 0.014, and 0.055 lb/acre, respectively, appeared to be safest among effective treatments. Additionally, those treatments caused significantly darker green turf, which may be desirable on putting greens. This research confirms the potential of PGR use to limit annual bluegrass infestation on creeping bentgrass greens in a Mediterranean climate and reveals the most effective treatments that could be used in a putting green maintenance program.

Plant Growth Regulators Applied in Winter Improve Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Seedhead Suppression on Golf Greens

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Golf Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass

Annual bluegrass seedhead suppression on golf greens by spring-applied plant growth regulators (PGR) has been erratic between years and locations. To effectively suppress annual bluegrass seedheads on greens, current information suggest ethephon must be applied before floral initiation. Rogue seedheads, however, can sometimes be found in late winter indicating that a variable proportion of annual bluegrass plants may induce floral initiation in winter. Studies were conducted in Blacksburg and Harrisonburg, VA at five separate sites between 2011 and 2012 to determine if winter applications of ethephon or mefluidide would improve annual bluegrass seedhead suppression when applied in advance of a spring, two-treatment program. A spring, two-treatment program of ethephon plus trinexapac-ethyl reduced annual bluegrass seedhead cover 22 to 55% depending on trial and less than similar mefluidide programs. Applying an early application of ethephon in January or February prior to the spring treatment program resulted in 5 to 7 times less seedhead cover at cover maxima than the spring treatment program alone. Ethephon did not injure creeping bentgrass and caused only slight and transient discoloration to annual bluegrass. Mefluidide injured both creeping bentgrass and annual bluegrass and reduced annual bluegrass population density in late spring. Programs that consisted of an early ethephon application, a spring treatment of triademifon, and two spring treatments of ethephon plus trinexapac ethyl improved seedhead suppression and turf quality but slightly increased annual bluegrass injury. Methiozolin suppressed annual bluegrass seedheads primarily through severe injury to annual bluegrass, which led to a decline in turfgrass quality and NDVI but a substantial increase in creeping bentgrass cover. Applying PGRs in winter is a novel concept and may substantially improve ethephon consistency and performance for annual bluegrass seedhead suppression on greens.

Annual Bluegrass Control on Putting Greens from Three or Four Years of Season‐long Applications of Herbicides or Plant Growth Regulators in Three States

cftm ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Reicher ◽  
Matt Sousek ◽  
Aaron Patton ◽  
Dan Weisenberger ◽  
Aaron Hathaway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass

Reducing Populations of Annual Bluegrass and Roughstalk Bluegrass in Creeping Bentgrass Fairways: A Nutritional Approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory E. Bell ◽  
Edward Odorizzi ◽  
T. Karl Danneberger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
And Control

Two field studies, a seeded study and a golf course study, were conducted to compare competition among creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, and roughstalk bluegrass when subjected to common weed control practices and foliar applications of iron and magnesium. A research site was selected for the seeded study and divided into 10 whole plots receiving irrigation at either 50 or 100% evapotranspiration deficit. Each whole plot was further divided into subplots receiving one of seven treatments: bensulide, ethofumesate, trinexapac-ethyl, foliar Mg, foliar Fe, foliar Mg plus foliar Fe, and control. The site was seeded to a mixture of creeping bentgrass, annual bluegrass, and roughstalk bluegrass in September 1995, and treatments began in March 1996. Annual bluegrass was reduced 29% in plots treated with foliar Fe and 65% in plots treated with foliar Fe plus foliar Mg. Roughstalk bluegrass was significantly reduced in seeded plots treated with foliar iron (50%), plant growth regulator (75%), and foliar iron plus foliar magnesium (100%). Annual bluegrass and roughstalk bluegrass proportions were not affected by irrigation regime. In a second study, the most effective treatment, foliar magnesium plus foliar iron, was tested on a working golf course fairway and on a practice putting green beginning April 1997 and ending November 1997. Treatments on the golf course fairway and practice putting green were ineffective due to the established, perennial nature of the annual bluegrass biotypes on these sites. Further research is required to improve the efficacy of nutritional treatments on these perennials.

Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Golf Green Tolerance to Bispyribac-Sodium Tank-Mixed with Paclobutrazol

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Q. Moss ◽  
Xi Xiong ◽  
Kemin Su ◽  
Bishow P. Poudel ◽  
John B. Haguewood
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Zone Field ◽  
Weekly Application

Annual bluegrass is a troublesome weed in golf course putting greens. The objective of this research was to evaluate creeping bentgrass putting green tolerance to bispyribac-sodium tank-mixed with paclobutrazol in the transition zone. Field trials with four replications were conducted in Oklahoma during 2009 and 2010 and in Missouri during 2010. The results of this study suggest that tank-mixing bispyribac-sodium with paclobutrazol may discolor creeping bentgrass putting greens but will not reduce turf quality below acceptable levels. Normalized vegetative difference index readings indicated no treatment differences in turf greenness at 4 and 8 wk after initial treatment. Weekly application of bispyribac-sodium at 12.4 g ha−1 or biweekly application at 24.8 g ha−1 alone or with monthly applications of paclobutrazol at 224 g ha−1 did not cause unacceptable injury to creeping bentgrass putting greens during the spring.

Suppression of a Perennial Subspecies of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annuaspp.reptans) in a Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Green with Plant Growth Regulators

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jack Johnson ◽  
Tim R. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Fall Application

Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol were evaluated for suppression of a perennial subspecies of annual bluegrass in a creeping bentgrass green. Three applications of paclobutrazol in the spring (Mar. 17, Apr. 17, and May 17) followed by three applications in the fall (Oct. 2, Nov. 2, and Nov. 30) suppressed the perennial subspecies ≥ 72% at 3 wk after the final treatment. However, suppression was reduced to ≤ 57% by 4 mo after the final fall application. Flurprimidol applied in three spring and three fall applications did not suppress the perennial subspecies as effectively as paclobutrazol. Suppression was ≤ 47% at 3 wk after the final flurprimidol treatment and was only ≤ 20% by mid-March. Neither chemical injured creeping bentgrass greater than 20% in the spring. However, leaf discoloration injury from the initial October application ranged from 26 to 30% for paclobutrazol in 1993 and 21 to 28% for flurprimidol in 1994. When injury occurred in October it was temporary and the creeping bentgrass recovered within 3 to 4 wk. Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol applied in November did not injure creeping bentgrass.

Effect of Paclobutrazol and Flurprimidol on Suppression ofPoa annuaspp.reptansin Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Greens

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jack Johnson ◽  
Tim R. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Final Treatment

Plant growth regulators paclobutrazol and flurprimidol were evaluated for suppression ofPoa annuaspp.reptans, a perennial biotype of annual bluegrass, in a creeping bentgrass green. Paclobutrazol at 0.6 kg ai/ha applied on Mar. 15, followed by 0.3 kg/ha on Apr. 29, 0.6 kg/ha on Oct. 1, and 0.3 kg/ha on Nov. 12 for each of 2 yr suppressedP. annuaspp.reptans28% approximately 4 mo after the final treatment. When paclobutrazol was applied at 0.3 kg/ha in each of four applications during the same period, suppression was similar to that with the higher rate 1 and 2 mo after final treatment but declined to 7% by 4 mo. Suppression ofP. annuaspp.reptansfrom flurprimidol applied four times during each of 2 yr was 22 to 27% 1 mo after final treatment but no suppression was noted 2 mo after the final treatment. Maximum creeping bentgrass injury was less than 20% when either paclobutrazol or flurprimidol was applied in the spring. However, creeping bentgrass injury was approximately 30% in the fall when either chemical was applied in the spring and repeated in October at 0.6 kg/ha.

Field evaluation of preemergence activity of plant growth regulators on annual bluegrass

cftm ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luqi Li ◽  
Eric Chestnut ◽  
Michael Carlson ◽  
William Kreuser ◽  
Roch Gaussoin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Annual Bluegrass

THATCH CONTROL ON CREEPING BENTGRASS TURF

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1209-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. EGGENS
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Effective Treatments

The effectiveness of thatch control practices commonly employed in Ontario on Penncross creeping bentgrass turf maintained as a putting green was evaluated from July 1976 to October 1979. The most effective treatments were coring and vertical mowing followed by topdressing, and topdressing alone. The least amount of winter injury occurred in plots where coring was followed by topdressing. Coring reduced thatch accumulation more than did vertical mowing. Vertical mowing increased winter injury and annual bluegrass content in the plots more than did coring. Thatch accumulation was less at the 5-mm than at the 8-mm mowing height. Nitrogen treatments of 2 and 4 kg N∙100 m−2 did not influence thatch accumulation.

Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Putting Green Tolerance to Bispyribac-Sodium

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Stephen E. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Chelated Iron ◽  
Putting Green

Bispyribac-sodium is an efficacious herbicide for annual bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass fairways, but turf tolerance and growth inhibition may be exacerbated by low mowing heights on putting greens. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to investigate creeping bentgrass putting green tolerance to bispyribac-sodium. In greenhouse experiments, creeping bentgrass discoloration from bispyribac-sodium was exacerbated by reductions in mowing height from 24 to 3 mm, but mowing height did not influence clipping yields or root weight. In field experiments, discoloration of creeping bentgrass putting greens was greatest from applications of 37 g/ha every 10 d, compared to 74, 111, or 222 g/ha applied less frequently. Chelated iron effectively reduced discoloration of creeping bentgrass putting greens from bispyribac-sodium while trinexapac-ethyl inconsistently reduced these effects. Overall, creeping bentgrass putting greens appear more sensitive to bispyribac-sodium than higher mowed turf, but chelated iron and trinexapac-ethyl could reduce discoloration.

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