scholarly journals Screening Cabbage Cultivars for Resistance to Black Rot under Field Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-455
Author(s):  
Andre Luiz Biscaia Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Joara Secchi Candian ◽  
Elizanilda Ramalho do Rego ◽  
Timothy Coolong ◽  
Bhabesh Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Significant Difference

The use of resistant cultivars against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is considered a critical management practice for black rot (BR) management in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Although most studies that have evaluated resistance to BR were conducted in greenhouses without accounting for yield, there is a clear need to investigate cultivar performance under field conditions. The objectives of this study were to evaluate commercial cabbage cultivars for resistance to BR and determine yield and head quality under field conditions. Field experiments with eight cultivars (Acclaim, Bravo, Capture, Celebrate, Cheers, Melissa, Monterey, and TCA-549) were conducted in two cabbage growing seasons, Fall 2018 and Spring 2019. Fields were spray-inoculated with Xcc (3 × 105 cfu/mL) at 35 and 49 days after transplanting in Fall 2018 and Spring 2019, respectively. Cabbage BR severity was evaluated at weekly intervals starting from 7 days postinoculation (DPI) until harvest. Marketable and unmarketable yields and cabbage head quality were measured at harvest. Cabbage BR symptoms were detected in all tested cultivars for both growing seasons with initial symptoms observed as early as 28 and 21 DPI in Fall 2018 and Spring 2019, respectively. Severity of cabbage BR at harvest was significantly greater in Fall 2018 compared with Spring 2019, whereas marketable yield was significantly higher in Spring 2019 (45,169 lb/acre) compared with Fall 2018 (26,370 lb/acre). In both growing seasons, ‘TCA-549’ had the lowest severity of BR and ‘Melissa’ had the highest severity of BR. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was 175 and 13 for ‘TCA-549’ in Fall 2018 and Spring 2019, respectively. The AUDPC for ‘Melissa’ in Fall 2018 and Spring 2019 were 2376 and 905, respectively. Regardless of growing season, cabbage marketable yield was higher for ‘Acclaim’ (51,760 lb/acre) compared with all other cultivars; however, there was no significant difference between Acclaim and TCA-549 (42,934 lb/acre) for cabbage marketable yield. Cabbage marketable yield was the lowest for cultivars Melissa (18,275 lb/acre) and Capture (24,236 lb/acre). Overall, there was a significant correlation between BR disease severity and cabbage marketable and unmarketable yields. Increasing the BR severity decreased cabbage marketability due to an increase in unmarketable yields. Continued development of cultivar resistance to BR is important for cabbage production in the southeastern United States, given the favorable conditions for disease development. The use of cultivars with low susceptibility, pathogen-free seeds, crop rotation, and proper spraying programs should be considered the best management practice for BR disease.

Mustard germplasm evaluation of against Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris) A threat to rapeseed

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Singh ◽  
Mahesh Singh ◽  
M. P. Chauhan ◽  
Tripti Srivastava ◽  
Manoj Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Field experiments were conducted during 2010-11 to 2011-12 crop seasons to identify resistant genotypes for the management of bacterial blight/black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel) Dawson. Symptoms of disease were recorded 40-45 days after sowing in different localities of Faizabad district of U.P. Disease was characterized by the initial symptoms appeared as dark color streaks on the stem from ground level, which girdle the stem making very soft and hollow followed by rotting. Lower leaves showed midrib cracking ‘V’ shaped yellowing on the leaf margin, browning of veins and weathering. Profuse exudation of yellowish fluid from the affected stem and leaves may also occur. Out of 110 genotypes screened, ten entries namely T-27, GSL-1, PHR-2, DRMR-243, PBC-9221, JMTA-9, EC-399299, EC-38899, HNS-9605 and HNS-004 were recorded resistant and forty four were moderately resistant. Rest of the genotypes proved moderately susceptible from X. campestris pv. campestris.

scholarly journals Antagonism of yeasts to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris on cabbage phylloplane in field

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayonara M.P. Assis ◽  
Rosa L.R. Mariano ◽  
Sami J. Michereff ◽  
Gil Silva ◽  
Elizabeth A.A. Maranhão
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris Pv Campestris

Twenty yeast isolates, obtained from cabbage phylloplane, were evaluated for antagonistic activity against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, in field. Plants of cabbage cv. Midori were pulverized simultaneously with suspensions of antagonists and pathogen. After 10 days, plants were evaluated through percentage of foliar area with lesions. Percentage of disease severity reduction (DSR%) was also calculated. Yeast isolates LR32, LR42 and LR19 showed, respectively, 72, 75 and 79% of DSR. These antagonists were tested in seven different application periods in relation to pathogen inoculation (T1=4 d before; T2=simultaneously; T3=4 d after; T4=4 d before + simultaneously; T5=4 d after + simultaneously; T6=4 d before + 4 d after; T7=4 d before + simultaneously + 4 d after). The highest DSRs were showed by LR42 (71%), LR42 (67%), LR35 (69%) and LR19 (68%) in the treatments T7, T4, T5 and T6, which significantly differed from the others. The same yeast antagonists were also tested for black rot control using different cabbage cultivars (Fuyutoyo, Master-325, Matsukaze, Midori, Sekai I and Red Winner). The DSRs varied from 58 to 61%, and there was no significant difference among cultivars.

scholarly journals Weather Variables Associated with Infection of Tomato Fruit by Colletotrichum coccodes

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 753-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sanogo ◽  
S. P. Pennypacker ◽  
R. E. Stevenson ◽  
A. A. MacNab
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Relationship Of

Field experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of tomato anthracnose to weather variables. Sixteen potted tomato plants were exposed to field conditions within rows of tomato plants for 4 consecutive days at various time periods during the 1993 and 1994 summer growing seasons. Incidence of fruit infection by Colletotrichum coccodes was correlated with rain variables (amount and duration of rain) alone and in combination with other meteorological factors. The best fitting regression equation, accounting for 72% of the variation in anthracnose incidence (arcsine-square root transformed), was Y = 111.77 - 1.16 HNRo, in which HNRo is the numbers of hours during which no rainfall occurs within 4-day intervals that tomato fruit were exposed to field conditions in central Pennsylvania.

scholarly journals Alternative Products to Control Soybean Downy Mildew in the Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Gislaine Gabardo ◽  
Maristella Dalla Pria ◽  
Henrique Luis da Silva ◽  
Mônica Gabrielle Harms
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ascophyllum Nodosum ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Diagrammatic Scale

Soybean mildew caused by Oomycota Peronospora manshurica, is a disease widely spread in Brazil. In order to study the efficiency of soybean mildew control due to the application of alternative products and fungicide in the field, experiments were conducted in Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments were: 1-witness; 2-acibenzolar-S-methyl; 3-calcium; 4-micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc; 5-micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum; 6-NK fertilizer; 7-Ascophyllum nodosum and 8-azoxystrobin + cyproconazole with the addition of Nimbus adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products (phenological stages V3, V6, R1 and R5.1) and two of fungicide (phenological stages R1 and R5.1) were performed. The mildew severity was estimated using a diagrammatic scale. The severity data made it possible to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). In the 2014/2015 harvest the disease was more severe. The control of downy mildew by the use of fungicide did not reduce the epidemic. The fungicide was not efficient in the two evaluated seasons. All tested alternative products reduced the disease severity and AUDPC in both seasons. The best results in reducing downy mildew were found with the application of acibenzolar-S-methyl, micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn) and A. nodosum.

scholarly journals Field Reaction of Landrace Components of Red Mottled Beans to Common Bacterial Blight

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Beaver ◽  
James R. Steadman ◽  
Dermot P. Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Field Reaction ◽  
The Mean

Field reaction of 25 red mottled bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to common bacterial blight [Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye] was evaluated in Puerto Rico over 2 years. The average disease severity (percent leaf area with symptoms) was similar over years. The determinate red mottled genotypes had almost twice as much disease as indeterminate genotypes. Eight of the indeterminate genotypes had significantly less disease than the mean of the field experiments. These genotypes may serve as useful sources of resistance to common bacterial blight. The size of the chlorotic zone around necrotic lesions varied between growing seasons, showing that environment can influence the expression of common bacterial blight symptoms.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Management and Cultivar Selection for Cabbage Production in the Southeastern United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-691
Author(s):  
Andre Luiz Biscaia Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Joara Secchi Candian ◽  
Lincoln Zotarelli ◽  
Timothy Coolong ◽  
Christian Christensen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
N Rates

Soil nitrogen (N) is easily leached in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) production areas of southeastern United States characterized by sandy soils with low water-holding capacity. Soil N leaching in these areas is increased after rainfall events; consequently, growers increase the fertilizer N application to protect against N deficiencies and yield loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three fertilizer N rates on yield and head quality for common cabbage cultivars used by Florida and Georgia growers during four cabbage growing seasons. Field experiments were conducted in Hastings, FL, in 2016 and 2017, and in Tifton, GA, in 2018 and 2019. A randomized complete block design was used with a split-plot design of fertilizer N rate and cabbage cultivar. Fertilizer N rate treatments consisted of the application of 170, 225, and 280 lb/acre N and were assigned as the main plot. Cabbage cultivars Bravo, Bronco, Bruno, Capture, Cheers, and Ramada were assigned as the sub-plots. Weather conditions were monitored during all growing seasons, and total, marketable, and unmarketable yields, as well as cabbage head polar and equatorial diameters, and core height and width were measured. In Florida, there was a significant interaction for growing season and fertilizer N rate. The Florida 2016 cabbage season experienced 10.5 inches of rainfall, and fertilizer N rates had no effect on cabbage yields. Total and marketable yield averaged 45,391 and 38,618 lb/acre among fertilizer N rates in 2016, respectively. Rainfall accumulated 2.1 inches during the 2017 study in Florida, which was less than the crop evapotranspiration. In response, total and marketable yield were higher for the applications of 225 lb/acre N (51,865 and 49,335 lb/acre, respectively) and 280 lb/acre N (54,564 and 52,219 lb/acre, respectively) compared with the application of 170 lb/acre N (47,929 and 43,710 lb/acre, respectively). In Georgia, there were no significant interactions between production season and fertilizer N rates. In addition, there were no significant main effects of season or fertilizer N rate. Rainfall events accumulated 20.9 and 7.8 inches during the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, respectively. Total and marketable yields averaged 37,290 and 33,355 lb/acre, respectively for the two growing seasons in Georgia. Cabbage cultivar had no interaction with fertilizer N rate in any location. ‘Cheers’ (52,706 lb/acre) had the highest total yield in Florida, and ‘Ramada’ (38,462 lb/acre) and ‘Bronco’ (39,379 lb/acre) had the highest total yields in Georgia. In conclusion, the application of 225 lb/acre N was sufficient to sustain cabbage yields, but yields of the 170- and 225-lb/acre N treatments were not different when rainfall events exceeded crop evapotranspiration.

scholarly journals Response of Brassica oleracea var. capitata to Wound and Spray Inoculations with Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip D. Griffiths ◽  
Cathy Roe
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Mature Plant ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Mature Plant Resistance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Spray Inoculation

Eighteen cabbage breeding lines and cultivars were evaluated for resistance to black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris following wound and spray inoculations at the juvenile and mature stages. Plants were evaluated using four inoculation procedures (juvenile wound, juvenile spray, mature wound, and mature spray) in replicated greenhouse and field experiments. The breeding lines Badger #16, Cornell 101, Cornell 102, NY 4002 and accession PI 426606 exhibited high levels of resistance following all inoculation procedures. `Silver Dynasty' was the most resistant commercial cultivar based on the four tests, yet ranked 12th following the juvenile wound inoculation. The juvenile spray inoculation had a high correlation with both wound and spray inoculations in field experiments (0.89 and 0.86, respectively); however, the juvenile wound inoculation did not correlate well with mature wound and spray inoculations (0.58 and 0.51, respectively). The results indicate that the juvenile wound inoculation is not the most appropriate approach for determining field resistance in Brassica oleracea, and that resistant material could be selected against using this approach. A high correlation between juvenile spray inoculation disease severity ratings and mature plant resistance indicates that plants can be evaluated effectively at the juvenile stage for mature plant resistance to black rot.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Blight of Four O'Clock (Mirabilis jalapa), Caused by Xanthomonas campestris in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (7) ◽  
pp. 874-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Koike ◽  
H. R. Azad
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
First Report ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Mirabilis Jalapa

Four o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) is an ornamental used in California as a landscape plant. In 2000 and 2001, four o'clock transplants produced in commercial greenhouses in coastal California were severely affected by a foliar disease. Initial symptoms were small (2 to 5 mm diameter), angular, water-soaked leaf spots that often developed first on leaf edges. Spots enlarged, rapidly turned brown to dark brown, coalesced, and caused transplants to take on a blighted appearance. When leaf spots were macerated and streaked onto sucrose-peptone agar, a yellow, mucoid bacterium was consistently isolated. Based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, we identified the bacterium as Xanthomonas campestris (2). Furthermore, Biolog GN profiles identified five Mirabilis strains as X. campestris pv. campestris with similarity values of 79.7 to 87.6%. Fatty acid analyses identified them as the same pathovar with similarity values of 75.8 to 82.1%. These strains also used cellobiose and arabinose as carbon sources and produced acid from arabinose, which are characteristic features for this pathovar. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by growing inocula of six strains in nutrient broth shake cultures for 48 h and misting 30 ml of the broth cultures (106 CFU/ml) on sets of 12 potted four o'clock plants. Control plants were misted with sterile broth. After inoculation, plants were incubated in a dew chamber (100% relative humidity at 18°C) for 24 h then maintained in a greenhouse (24 to 26°C). After 7 to 10 days, leaf spots similar to those originally observed developed on all inoculated plants. Bacteria reisolated from these plants were characterized and found to be the same as those used for inoculation. Control plants remained symptomless. Because of the biochemical similarity between Mirabilis strains and the black rot pathogen of crucifers (X. campestris pv. campestris), we inoculated sets of six cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis cv. White Magic) plants with five Mirabilis strains and two X. campestris pv. campestris strains using the same method. After 14 days, cauliflower plants inoculated with Mirabilis strains were symptomless, while plants inoculated with the black rot pathogen developed symptoms typical of this disease. X. campestris was only reisolated from the cauliflower plants inoculated with the crucifer strains. Because the four o'clock transplants from the commercial greenhouse were produced in close proximity to vegetable hosts of other Xanthomonas pathogens, we inoculated pepper (Capsicum annuum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and four o'clock transplants with four Mirabilis strains using the method described. The four o'clock strains failed to cause any disease on pepper and tomato but resulted in typical leaf spots on four o'clock. Bacteria reisolated from four o'clock plants and characterized were the same as the original strains. All inoculation experiments were repeated and results were the same. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. campestris on four o'clock in California and the United States. Occurrence of this disease on direct-seeded plants in enclosed greenhouses provides circumstantial evidence that the pathogen might be seedborne. This pathogen may be related to the Xanthomonas sp. reported on four o'clock in India (1). Reference: (1) J. C. Durgapal and B. M. Trivedi. Curr. Sci. 45:111, 1976 (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 3rd ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2001.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicide Treatments for Control of Common Rust and Northern Leaf Spot in Hybrid Corn Seed Production

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Wegulo ◽  
J. M. Rivera-C ◽  
C. A. Martinson ◽  
F. W. Nutter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Corn Seed ◽  
Puccinia Sorghi ◽  
Seed Corn ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Best Disease

Field experiments were conducted during the 1992 and 1993 growing seasons in 13 commercial fields in Iowa to assess the efficacy of foliar applications of fungicides to seed corn for control of common rust, Puccinia sorghi, and northern leaf spot, Bipolaris zeicola. Chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and/or propiconazole sprays were initiated at growth stage (GS) 2.5, GS 4.0, or approximately 2 weeks before detasseling, and applications were repeated up to five times at various growth stages. The majority of fungicide treatments resulted in an increase in salable seed units (1 unit = 80,000 seeds) compared to untreated control treatments. The greatest increase in salable seed occurred in the large and medium seed size units. Although disease severity on the final assessment date in both years and standardized area under the disease progress curve in 1993 were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in untreated control plots than in fungicide-treated plots in all experiments, the best disease control was provided by 5 applications of chlorothalonil or 2 to 4 applications of chlorothalonil, mancozeb, or propiconazole initiated on the first spray date.

Surface soil moisture and stubble management practice effects on the progress of infection of wheat by Fusarium pseudograminearum

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Swan ◽  
D. Backhouse ◽  
L. W. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Surface Soil Moisture ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Rate Of Increase

The influence of surface soil moisture and stubble management practices on the progress of infection of wheat by Fusarium pseudograminearum, the cause of crown rot, was assessed in a field trial at Moree in northern New South Wales during the growing seasons of 1994, 1995 and 1996 by analysis of infection progress curves. During the dry season of 1994, wheat was sown into dry surface soil. Increases in incidence of infection followed rainfall events that raised the water content of the surface soil above the equivalent of a water potential of –1.5 MPa. The rate of increase in incidence of infection was more uniform in the 1995 and 1996 seasons, which had more regular rainfall. The area under the infection progress curve (AUIPC) was consistently greater when stubble was retained on the surface compared with incorporation with a disc plough, and this difference was significant in 2 out of 3 years. Comparison of AUIPCs indicated greater epidemiological differences between stubble management treatments than did comparisons of incidence of infection at single points during the season.

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