scholarly journals Short-term Preemergence Herbicide Adsorption by Mulch Materials and Impacts on Weed Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-897
Author(s):  
Debalina Saha ◽  
S. Christopher Marble ◽  
Brian Pearson ◽  
Héctor Pérez ◽  
Gregory MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Chemical Assay ◽  
Pine Straw ◽  
Bioassay Experiment ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

The objective of this research was to determine how mulch type affects adsorption and efficacy of commonly used preemergence herbicides in nurseries and landscapes. Nursery containers were filled with standard potting media and mulched with either pine bark (PB) mini-nuggets (mixed Pinus sp.), pine straw (PS; mixed Pinus sp.), or shredded eucalyptus hardwood (HW; Eucalyptus sp.) at a 2-inch depth. Herbicides including dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin (applied as a tank mix), prodiamine, and indaziflam were applied to mulched containers, watered in, and the mulch was subsequently removed 3 days later. Seeds of garden spurge (Euphorbia hirta), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and eclipta (Eclipta prostrata) were then seeded and used as bioassay species for dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin, prodiamine, and indaziflam, respectively. Chemical assays were also performed using a separate set of pots mulched with PB at 2 inches and treated with the same herbicides. Results from the bioassay experiment showed PS was the only mulch type that did not significantly decrease efficacy of any applied herbicide. Chemical assays showed only 34% of the applied dimethenamid-P reached the soil surface as evidenced by chemical assay, but more dimethenamid-P moved through PB than did pendimethalin (12%) or prodiamine (17%), which adsorbed more strongly. Overall results suggest preemergence herbicides will be strongly adsorbed to organic mulch. However, as mulch is typically more effective on weeds that germinate below the mulch layer, this does not automatically result in reduced efficacy from herbicide + mulch combinations, and the addition of a preemergence herbicide may be effective in reducing weed germination within or on top of the mulch layer.

scholarly journals Effects of Three Fertilization Methods on Weed Growth and Herbicide Performance in Soilless Nursery Substrates1

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Cody J. Stewart ◽  
S. Christopher Marble ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Brian J. Pearson ◽  
P. Christopher Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Abstract Research objectives were to determine the effect of fertilization method (incorporation, subdress, and topdress) on weed growth and the performance of preemergence herbicides applied to soilless substrates. Nursery containers were filled with a pine bark:peat substrate and fertilized at two different rates [4.4 and 9.5 kg.m−3 (8.9 and 19.2 lb.yd−3)] via topdressing, subdressing, or incorporating. Containers were treated with either dimethenamid-P for spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata L.), flumioxazin for eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) or prodiamine for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.). A control was established for each fertilizer rate/placement and weed species that was not treated. Incorporating or subdressing fertilizer resulted in reduced large crabgrass and spotted spurge growth in non-treated containers. Weeds grew larger at the higher fertility rates in both topdress and incorporated treatments but fertilizer rate did not affect growth of spotted spurge or large crabgrass when fertilizers were subdressed. Herbicides generally provided commercially acceptable weed control regardless of fertilizer treatment, but results varied with species. Results suggest that in the absence of herbicides, topdressing may result in greater weed growth compared with subdressing or incorporating fertilizers; however, fertilizer placement will have less impact on herbicide performance if proper herbicides are chosen and applied correctly. Index words: topdress, subdress, incorporate, large crabgrass, eclipta, spotted spurge, preemergence Chemicals used in this study: Flumioxazin (SureGuard®); 2-[7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione; Dimethenamid-P (Tower) 2-chloro-N-[(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide; Prodiamine (Barricade) 2,4-dinitro-N3, N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine (Barricade®) Species used in this study: Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.); Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.); Spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata L.)

Emergence of garden spurge (Euphorbia hirta) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) in response to different physical properties and depths of common mulch materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debalina Saha ◽  
S. Christopher Marble ◽  
Brian Pearson ◽  
Héctor Pérez ◽  
Gregory MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Level ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Pine Straw ◽  
Seed Position ◽  
Standard Soil ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Large Crabgrass

AbstractGreenhouse and outdoor container experiments were conducted to determine garden spurge and large crabgrass emergence when seeds were placed either on top of or below three different mulch materials [pine bark (PB), hardwood (HW), or pine straw (PS)] applied at five depths (0, 1.3, 2.5, 5.1, and 10.2 cm). To elucidate mulch characteristics that contributed to weed control, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was recorded underneath each mulch layer, moisture retention was monitored for 24 h following irrigation, and particle size was determined using standard soil sieves. HW reduced PAR (97%) more than did PB (90%) or PS (92%) at 1.3 cm, but few or no differences were noted between mulches at greater mulch depths. HW also contained the highest percentage of small particles and consequently retained more water (29%), than PB (14%) or PS (22%) 24 h following a simulated irrigation event. Emergence of large crabgrass and garden spurge was consistently greater when seeds were placed on top of the mulch, compared to seeds placed below. Emergence of both species also tended to respond to increasing depth in a quadratic manner, indicating that once a critical level of mulch was applied (2.5 to 5 cm), further reductions in weed emergence would not be observed, at least over the short term (12 wk). PB and PS tended to provide a greater reduction in emergence of both species compared to HW. This research also indicates that larger particle materials such as PB or PS would be advantageous because of their ability to suppress weed emergence regardless of seed position.

scholarly journals 014 Weed Control and Productivity of Field-grown Cut Flowers

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 443B-443
Author(s):  
E. Jay Holcomb ◽  
Tracey L. Harpster ◽  
Robert D. Berghage ◽  
Larry J. Kuhns
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Crop Plant ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

A set of studies was established in Summer 1998 to determine the tolerance of field-grown cut flower species to specific preemergence herbicides, the effectiveness of weed control by those materials, and to determine if productivity of cut flowers is affected either by the herbicides or by colored mulches. Pendimethalin provided excellent early season weed control, but poor late-season control. It consistently caused injury at 4 lb a.i./A and sometimes at the 2 lb a.i./A rate. Oryzalin provided good to excellent weed control, but slightly injured celosia and zinnia when applied at 4 lb a.i./A. Napropamide provided excellent early season weed control, but marginally acceptable weed control later in the season. Though napropamide caused some injury to celosia early in the season when applied at the high rate, no injury to any of the plants was observed later in the season. Prodiamine and trifluralin were the overall safest of the herbicides, but they provided the weakest weed control. OH-2 was very effective when placed on the soil surface, but was less effective when placed on an organic mulch. The organic mulch was designed to keep the OH-2 particles from splashing on to the crop plant and injuring the plants. OH-2 tended to be safer placed on a mulch than on the soil surface, but statice was slightly injured even when a mulch was used.

scholarly journals Mulch Type and Depth, Herbicide Formulation, and Postapplication Irrigation Volume Influence on Control of Common Landscape Weed Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debalina Saha ◽  
S. Christopher Marble ◽  
Brian J. Pearson ◽  
Héctor E. Pérez ◽  
Gregory E. MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Euphorbia Hirta ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Pine Straw ◽  
Spray Formulation ◽  
Irrigation Volume ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Mulch is often applied in landscape planting beds for weed control, but little research has focused specifically on mulch and preemergence (PRE) herbicide combinations. The objectives of this research were to determine the efficacy of herbicide + mulch combinations and which factors significantly affected weed control, including herbicide formulation and posttreatment irrigation volumes. Additional objectives were to determine efficacy derived from mulch or herbicides used alone under herbicide + mulch combinations and to identify differences in the additive (herbicide + mulch combinations) or singular (herbicide or mulch) effects compared with the use of herbicides or mulch only. Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), garden spurge (Euphorbia hirta), and eclipta (Eclipta prostrata) were used as bioassay species for prodiamine, dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin, and indaziflam efficacy, respectively. The experiment consisted of a factorial treatment arrangement of two herbicide formulations (granular or spray applied), three mulch types [hardwood chips (HWs), pine bark (PB), and pine straw (PS)], two mulch depths (1 and 2 inches), and three levels of one-time, posttreatment irrigation volumes (0.5, 1, and 2 inches). Three sets of controls were used: the first set included three mulch types applied at two depths receiving only 0.5-inch irrigation volume, the second set included only two herbicide formulations and three one-time irrigation volumes, whereas the last set received no treatment (no herbicide or mulch) and only 0.5-inch irrigation volume. High levels of large crabgrass and garden spurge control (88% to 100%) were observed with all herbicide + mulch combinations evaluated at mulch depths of 1 inch or greater. When comparing mulch types, the best eclipta control was achieved with hardwood at 2 inches depth. The spray formulation of indaziflam outperformed the granular formulation in most cases when used alone or in combination with mulch. Overall, the results showed that spray formulations of prodiamine and dimethenamid-P + pendimethalin were more effective than granular formulations when applied alone, whereas indaziflam was more effective as a spray formulation when used both alone and in combination with mulch. Increasing irrigation volume was not a significant factor for any of the herbicide + mulch combinations when evaluating overall weed control.

scholarly journals Increase in Populations of Rhizoctonia solani and Wirestem of Collard with Velvet Bean Cover Crop Mulch

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath ◽  
Howard F. Harrison ◽  
Paul C. Marino ◽  
D. Michael Jackson ◽  
Thomas C. Pullaro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Fallow Soil

Velvet bean has been used traditionally as a summer cover crop in the southeastern United States. We investigated the use of killed velvet bean as a cover crop mulch left on the soil surface before collard was transplanted in the fall. Control treatments were weed-free fallow and velvet bean that was killed and disked into the soil before transplanting. Incidence of wirestem, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, reached a maximum of 25% in 2000 but only 4% in 2001 in cover crop mulch treatments. Nevertheless, in both years, the infection rate, area under the disease progress curve, and final incidence were significantly greater with cover crop mulch than in the fallow or disked treatments. Wirestem incidence did not differ between the disked and fallow treatments in either year. Populations of R. solani in soil were greater after cover crop mulch than in fallow plots in both years and greater in the disked treatment than in fallow soil in 2000 but not 2001. Velvet bean does not appear to be suitable as an organic mulch for fall collard production, but could be used as a summer cover crop if disked into the soil before transplanting collard.

scholarly journals Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. Corradi ◽  
Alan R. Panosso ◽  
Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽  
Newton La Scala Junior
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

scholarly journals Mulches: Durability, Aesthetic Value, Weed Control, and Temperature

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A. Skroch ◽  
M.A. Powell ◽  
T.E. Bilderback ◽  
P.H. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Organic Mulch

Abstract Five organic mulches (pine bark, hardwood bark, cedar chips, longleaf pine needles, shortleaf pine needles), used alone or in combination with two inorganic mulches (black polyethylene, woven polypropylene), were evaluated over two years for weed control, durability, aesthetic value, and influence upon soil temperature. Organic mulches reduced total weed counts by 50% compared to control plots. and underlaying organic mulches with polyethylene resulted in complete control. Polypropylene, used in combination with organic mulch, was ineffective in controlling perennial weed species. Pine bark was the most durable organic mulch, requiring the least replenishment (70% initial volume) after 630 days. Durability of organic mulches increased when underlaid with polyethylene. Longleaf pine needles were rated most attractive, and underlying organic materials with either polyethylene or polypropylene enhanced appearance. Organic mulches reduced maximum daily temperatures at the soil surface by 2.2–3.3°C (4–6°F) and increased minimum daily temperatures by 1.1–2.2°C (2–4°F). However, the type of organic mulch did not affect temperatures at the soil surface.

Activated Carbon-Vermiculite Mixture for Increasing Herbicide Selectivity

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Kratky ◽  
G. F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Lycopersicum Esculentum ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

A mixture of activated carbon and vermiculite was used to increase the tolerance to 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) of direct-seeded cucumbers (Cucumis sativusL., var. Wisconsin SMR-15) in greenhouse tests and direct-seeded tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentumMill, var. Bouncer) in greenhouse and field (var. Heinz 1370) tests. The tolerance of cucumbers to dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) and 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dini tro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) also was increased in field trials. When the mixture was placed in a hole (0.75 inch deep by 1 inch diam) over the crop seed to the level of the soil surface, preemergence herbicides were detoxified in the small area; and the crop plant was not injured. The herbicide remained active outside the small protected area. Also, a wafer consisting of an activated carbon-vermiculite mixture, fertilizer, and seed provided protection to direct-seeded crops.

Growth of Common Purslane as Influencing Control and Importance as a Weed

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Hopen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides ◽  
High Soil Temperature

A higher population of common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.) developed on a smooth seedbed than a rough seedbed. Purslane germinated best when the seed were placed on the soil surface, and the percentage germination decreased progressively as depth of seed placement increased. Growth of common purslane was greater at elevated nutrient levels and was dependent on adequate phosphorus in the nutrient media. High soil temperature requirements for optimum germination make common purslane a middle to late-growing season weed in the central United States. Often preemergence herbicides which are effective on common purslane have become ineffective by the time the common purslane population has developed, and postemergence herbicides which do not injure the individual crop species must be relied on for common purslane control.

scholarly journals Surveying for Virus-vectoring Nematodes in Container-grown Blueberry Plants in Oregon

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sharma-Poudyal ◽  
C. Fraley ◽  
N. K. Osterbauer
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plastic Sheet ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Gravel Layer ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Plant Parasitic

The goal of this study was to determine the risk of finding virus-vectoring nematodes in containerized blueberry plants placed on gravel. To detect dagger nematode, soil, and potting media samples were collected from blueberry nurseries growing plants in containers using soilless potting media, with the containers placed on a gravel bed or, for one nursery, on a plastic sheet placed on the soil surface. Potting media samples were collected from containers holding plants and soil samples were collected from beneath the gravel or plastic barrier. Nematodes were extracted from all of the samples using sucrose centrifugation. No dagger or other plant parasitic nematodes were detected in any of the samples tested. These results suggest no treatment of soilless potting media is necessary before planting blueberries into containers. Similarly, the gravel layer seems to be an effective barrier for suppressing dagger and other plant parasitic nematodes. Accepted for publication 25 July 2016. Published 8 August 2016.

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