scholarly journals The Salinity Tolerance of Seeded-type Common Bermudagrass Cultivars and Experimental Selections

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingying Xiang ◽  
Justin Q. Moss ◽  
Dennis L. Martin ◽  
Yanqi Wu
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Turfgrass managers are using reclaimed water as an irrigation resource because of the decreasing availability and increasing cost of fresh water. Much attention, thereby, has been drawn to select salinity-tolerant turfgrass cultivars. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the relative salinity tolerance of 10 common bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon) under a controlled environment in a randomized complete block design with six replications. ‘SeaStar’ seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) was included in this study as a salinity-tolerant standard. All entries were tested under four salinity levels (1.5, 15, 30, and 45 dS·m−1) consecutively using subirrigation systems. The relative salinity tolerance among entries was determined by various parameters, including the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), percentage green cover determined by digital image analysis (DIA), leaf firing (LF), turf quality (TQ), shoot vertical growth (VG), and dark green color index (DGCI). Results indicated that salinity tolerance varied among entries. Except LF, all parameters decreased as the salinity levels of the irrigation water increased. ‘Princess 77’ and ‘Yukon’ provided the highest level of performance among the common bermudagrass entries at the 30 dS·m−1 salinity level. At 45 dS·m−1, the percent green cover as measured using DIA varied from 4.97% to 16.11% among common bermudagrasses, where ‘SeaStar’ with a DIA of 22.92% was higher than all the common bermudagrass entries. The parameters LF, TQ, NDVI, DGCI, VG, and DIA were all correlated with one another. Leaf firing had the highest correlation with other parameters, which defined its value as a relative salinity tolerance measurement for common bermudagrass development and selection.

scholarly journals Salinity Tolerance and Recovery Attributes of Warm-season Turfgrass Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1625-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Chavarria ◽  
Benjamin Wherley ◽  
James Thomas ◽  
Ambika Chandra ◽  
Paul Raymer
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Elevated Salinity

As population growth places greater pressures on potable water supplies, nonpotable recycled irrigation water is becoming widely used on turfgrass areas including golf courses, sports fields, parks, and lawns. Nonpotable recycled waters often have elevated salinity levels, and therefore turfgrasses must, increasingly, have good salinity tolerance to persist in these environments. This greenhouse study evaluated 10 commonly used cultivars representing warm-season turfgrass species of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.), zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.), st. augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) for their comparative salinity tolerance at electrical conductivity (EC) levels of 2.5 (control), 15, 30, and 45 dS·m–1. Salinity treatments were imposed on the grasses for 10 weeks via subirrigation, followed by a 4-week freshwater recovery period. Attributes, including turf quality, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy firing, and shoot biomass reductions were evaluated before and after salinity stress, as well as after the 4-week freshwater recovery period. Results showed considerable differences in salinity tolerance among the cultivars and species used, with the greatest tolerance to elevated salinity noted within seashore paspalum cultivars and Celebration® bermudagrass. In comparison with growth in 2.5-dS·m–1 control conditions, increased shoot growth and turf quality were noted for many bermudagrass and seashore paspalum cultivars at 15 dS·m–1. However, st. augustinegrass and some zoysiagrass cultivars responded to elevated salinity with decreased growth and turf quality. No cultivars that had been exposed to 30- or 45-dS·m–1 salinity recovered to acceptable levels, although bermudagrass and seashore paspalum recovered to acceptable levels after exposure to 15-dS·m–1 salinity. More severe salinity stress was noted during year 2, which coincided with greater greenhouse temperatures relative to year 1.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Salinity Tolerance of Clonal-type Bermudagrass Cultivars and an Experimental Selection

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingying Xiang ◽  
Justin Q. Moss ◽  
Dennis L. Martin ◽  
Kemin Su ◽  
Bruce L. Dunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clonal Type ◽  
Salinity Levels

Bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) is a highly productive, warm-season, perennial grass that has been grown in the United States for turfgrass, forage, pasture, rangeland, and roadside use. At the same time, many bermudagrass production and reclamation sites across the United States are affected by soil salinity issues. Therefore, identifying bermudagrass with improved salinity tolerance is important for successfully producing bermudagrass and for reclaiming salt-affected sites with saline irrigated water. In this project, the relative salinity tolerance of seven clonal-type bermudagrass was determined, including industry standards and an Oklahoma State University (OSU) experimental line. The experiment was conducted under a controlled environment with six replications of each treatment. Seven bermudagrass entries were exposed to four salinity levels (1.5, 15, 30, and 45 dS·m−1) consecutively via subirrigation systems. The relative salinity tolerance among entries was determined by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), digital image analysis (DIA), leaf firing (LF), turf quality (TQ), shoot dry weight (SW), visual rating (VR), and dark green color index (DGCI). Results indicated that there were variable responses to salinity stress among the entries studied. As salinity levels of the irrigation water increased, all evaluation criterion decreased, except LF. All entries had acceptable TQ when exposed to 15 dS·m−1. When exposed to 30 dS·m−1, experimental entry OKC1302 had less LF than all other entries except ‘Tifway’, while ‘Midlawn’ showed more LF than all the entries. Leaf firing ranged from 1.0 to 2.7 at 45 dS·m−1, where ‘Tifway’ outperformed all other entries. At 45 dS·m−1, the live green cover as measured using DIA ranged from 3.07% to 24.72%. The parameters LF, TQ, NDVI, DGCI, SW, and DIA were all highly correlated with one another, indicating their usefulness as relative salinity tolerance measurements.

scholarly journals Turf Performance of Shaded ‘TifGrand’ and ‘TifSport’ Hybrid Bermudagrass as Affected by Mowing Height and Trinexapac-ethyl

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-397
Author(s):  
Brian Schwartz ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Jonathon Fox ◽  
Jason Peake
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Turfgrass Quality ◽  
Dark Green

Heavily shaded environments often limit the performance and persistence of hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis), therefore a field-based shade study was performed to determine whether different mowing heights (0.5 and 1.5 inch) or two trinexapac-ethyl (TE) growth regulator management treatments (control and 2 oz/acre) allow either ‘TifSport’ or ‘TifGrand’ hybrid bermudagrass to persist under 77% shade. Turfgrass quality (TQ), green cover, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and dark-green color index (DGCI) were evaluated on the two cultivars under a shade structure in Tifton, GA, during 2010 and 2011. Neither of the cultivars maintained acceptable TQ throughout the entire year under 77% shade, although ‘TifGrand’ displayed adequate TQ at the higher mowing height (1.5 inch) and demonstrated more shade tolerance than ‘TifSport’, as indicated by TQ, green cover, and NDVI. The TE application did not enhance the turf performance of ‘TifSport’ under 77% shade when mowed at 0.5 inch, but it improved turf performance of ‘TifGrand’ at the same height. The effect of TE application was cultivar and mowing height dependent under this heavily shaded environment, which warrants future study to determine the best management practices of these cultivars as well as continued efforts to develop new, shade-tolerant bermudagrass hybrids.

scholarly journals Salinity Tolerance of Selected Seashore Paspalums and Bermudagrasses: Root and Verdure Responses and Criteria

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1143-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geungjoo Lee ◽  
Robert N. Carrow ◽  
Ronny R. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Seashore Paspalum ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Total Growth

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) is a warm season turfgrass that survives in sand dunes along coastal sites and around brackish ponds or estuaries. The first exposure to salt stress normally occurs in the rhizosphere for persistent turfgrass. Information on diversity in salinity tolerance of seashore paspalums is limited. From Apr. to Oct. 1997, eight seashore paspalum ecotypes (SI 94-1, SI 92, SI 94-2, `Sea Isle 1', `Excalibur', `Sea Isle 2000', `Salam', `Adalayd') and four bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis Butt-Davy) cultivars (`Tifgreen', `Tifway', `TifSport', `TifEagle') were investigated for levels of salinity tolerance based on root and verdure responses in nutrient/sand culture under greenhouse conditions. Different salt levels (1.1 to 41.1 dS·m-1) were created with sea salt. Measurements were taken for absolute growth at 1.1 (ECw0; electrical conductivity of water), 24.8 (ECw24), 33.1 (ECw 32), and 41.1 dS·m-1 (ECw40), threshold ECw, and ECw for 25% growth reduction from ECw0 growth (ECw25%). Varying levels of salinity tolerance among the 12 entries were observed based on root, verdure, and total plant yield. Ranges of root characteristics were inherent growth (ECw0) = 0.20 to 0.61 g dry weight (DW); growth at ECw24 = 0.11 to 0.47 g; growth at ECw32 = 0.13 to 0.50 g; growth at ECw40 = 0.13 to 0.50 g; threshold ECw = 3.1 to 9.9 dS·m-1; and ECw25% = 23 to 39 dS·m-1. For verdure, ranges were inherent growth at ECw0 = 0.40 to 1.07 g DW; growth at ECw40 = 0.31 to 0.84 g; and ratio of yields at ECw40 to ECw0 = 0.54 to 1.03. Ranges for total growth were inherent growth at ECw0 = 0.72 to 2.66 g DW; growth at ECw24 = 0.55 to 2.23 g; growth at ECw32 = 0.54 to 2.08 g; growth at ECw40 = 0.52 to 1.66 g; threshold ECw = 2.3 to 12.8 dS·m-1; and ECw25% = 16 to 38 dS·m-1. Significant salinity tolerance differences existed among seashore paspalums and bermudagrasses as demonstrated by root, verdure, and total growth measurements. When grasses were ranked across all criteria exhibiting a significant F test based on root, verdure, and total growth, the most tolerant ecotypes were SI 94-1 and SI 92. Salinity tolerance of bermudagrass cultivars was relatively lower than SI 94-1 and SI 92. For assessing salinity tolerance, minimum evaluation criteria must include absolute growth at ECw0 and ECw 40 dS·m-1 for halophytes, but using all significant parameters of root and total yield is recommended for comprehensive evaluation.

scholarly journals Drought Stress Response of Turf-Type Perennial Ryegrass Genotypes in a Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Cristina Pornaro ◽  
Matteo Serena ◽  
Stefano Macolino ◽  
Bernd Leinauer
Keyword(s):  
New Orleans ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Double Time ◽  
Control Water

Perennial ryegrass is generally known as exhibiting poor drought tolerance with poor recuperative capacity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of acute drought followed by a recovery period, on 11 perennial ryegrass varieties (Apple SGL, Azimuth, Barrage, Caddieshack, Double, Double Time, Ecologic, New Orleans, Pizzaz 2, Rainwater, Turfgold) and one tall fescue (Olympic Gold). The study was conducted in a rain-out structure to control water inputs. Green cover percentage, visual quality, color, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and soil moisture were measured weekly. Eighty percent coverage was considered optimal and was reached only during the first two weeks of the drought period. Starting from the fourth week, a significant decrease in green cover was observed for most of the perennial ryegrass cultivars. However, 5 cultivars displayed a visual quality rate greater than 6, which is considered acceptable during this period, while color ratings were recorded greater than 6 for 7 cultivars. At the end of the drought phase, the cultivar ’New Orleans’ exhibited significantly greater green cover compared to most other perennial ryegrasses. The recovery of the grasses was slow and at the end of the experiment the variability in green cover between cultivars was greater than during the first week.

scholarly journals Effect of Seed Distribution and Population on Maize (Zea maysL.) Grain Yield

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bee Khim Chim ◽  
Peter Omara ◽  
Natasha Macnack ◽  
Jeremiah Mullock ◽  
Sulochana Dhital ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Seed Distribution ◽  
Treatment Structure ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Maize planting is normally accomplished by hand in the developing world where two or more seeds are placed per hill with a heterogeneous plant spacing and density. To understand the interaction between seed distribution and distance between hills, experiments were established in 2012 and 2013 at Lake Carl Blackwell (LCB) and Efaw Agronomy Research Stations, near Stillwater, OK. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications and 9 treatments and a factorial treatment structure of 1, 2, and 3 seeds per hill using interrow spacing of 0.16, 0.32, and 0.48 m. Data for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), grain yield, and grain N uptake were collected. Results showed that, on average, NDVI and IPAR increased with number of seeds per hill and decreased with increasing plant spacing. In three of four site-years, planting 1 or 2 seeds per hill, 0.16 m apart, increased grain yield and N uptake. Over sites, planting 1 seed, every 0.16 m, increased yields by an average of 1.15 Mg ha−1(range: 0.33 to 2.46 Mg ha−1) when compared to the farmer practice of placing 2 to 3 seeds per hill, every 0.48 m.

scholarly journals Identification of the QTL-allele System Underlying Two High-Throughput Physiological Traits in the Chinese Soybean Germplasm Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Fangdong Liu ◽  
Xiaoshuai Hao ◽  
Wubin Wang ◽  
Guangnan Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Soybean Germplasm

The QTL-allele system underlying two spectral reflectance physiological traits, NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and CHL (chlorophyll index), related to plant growth and yield was studied in the Chinese soybean germplasm population (CSGP), which consisted of 341 wild accessions (WA), farmer landraces (LR), and released cultivars (RC). Samples were evaluated in the Photosynthetic System II imaging platform at Nanjing Agricultural University. The NDVI and CHL data were obtained from hyperspectral reflectance images in a randomized incomplete block design experiment with two replicates. The NDVI and CHL ranged from 0.05–0.18 and 1.20–4.78, had averages of 0.11 and 3.57, and had heritabilities of 78.3% and 69.2%, respectively; the values of NDVI and CHL were both significantly higher in LR and RC than in WA. Using the RTM-GWAS (restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide association study) method, 38 and 32 QTLs with 89 and 82 alleles and 2–4 and 2–6 alleles per locus were identified for NDVI and CHL, respectively, which explained 48.36% and 51.35% of the phenotypic variation for NDVI and CHL, respectively. The QTL-allele matrices were established and separated into WA, LR, and RC submatrices. From WA to LR + RC, 4 alleles and 2 new loci emerged, and 1 allele was excluded for NDVI, whereas 6 alleles emerged, and no alleles were excluded, in LR + RC for CHL. Recombination was the major motivation of evolutionary differences. For NDVI and CHL, 39 and 32 candidate genes were annotated and assigned to GO groups, respectively, indicating a complex gene network. The NDVI and CHL were upstream traits that were relatively conservative in their genetic changes compared with those of downstream agronomic traits. High-throughput phenotyping integrated with RTM-GWAS provides an efficient procedure for studying the population genetics of traits.

scholarly journals CANOPY REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS USED TO ESTIMATE LATE BLIGHT (PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS) INFLUENCE ON POTATO YIELD CANOPY REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS USED TO ESTIMATE LATE BLIGHT (PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS) INFLUENCE ON POTATO YIELD

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Manuela Hermeziu
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Potato Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Reflectance Measurements

"The present study was conducted to investigate potato late blight (Phytophtora infestans) influence on leaf chlorophyll level using datasets extracted from multispectral data captured at the canopy level. Field experiments were carried out to the National Institute of Research and Development for Potato and Sugar Beet Brasov, Romania in 2014-2016 period. It was used a complete randomized block design with four replicates, two planting distances between plants on row (25 and 30cm) and different fungicides, control technologies. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was introduced to achieve a spectral vegetation index that can separate the vegetation from the uncovered ground. It is defined as the ratio between the infrared bands-red differences and sum them. Due to the different growth conditions, the effects of resulting variants from combinations of factors -varieties-planting density-late blight control technology-on the tubers yield have manifested with different intensity. In two of three years, the average NDVI value of plants grown at a density of 53.3 thousands hill/ha was significantly lower than the values determined at a density of 44.4 thousands hill/ha (NDVI 0.817 compared to 0.859 in 2014 and 0.905 compared to 0.895 in 2015). The correlation between the average values of NDVI yields and tubers were positive."

Comparison of Fall Versus Spring Applications of Sulfometuron for Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Release

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-950
Author(s):  
James M. Taylor ◽  
G. Euel Coats
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of application timing and sulfometuron rate on weed control and bermudagrass tolerance. Sulfometuron was applied at rates from 13 to 105 g ai/ha and compared to 1120 g ae/ha 2,4-D amine. Control of Italian ryegrass and common vetch was not affected by October, November, December, or March application dates and 39 to 105 g/ha sulfometuron provided equivalent control of both species 6 mo after the initial treatment. Percent green cover of bermudagrass at 6 mo after the initial treatment was 22% or less following March applications compared to 36% or greater when applied in October, November, or December. More bermudagrass injury occurred following March treatments of 52 g/ha or greater sulfometuron where green cover was 14% and less compared to 22 and 30% green cover following 13 g/ha sulfometuron or 1120 g/ha 2,4-D amine, respectively.

Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Suppression inZoysiaspp. with Herbicides

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jack Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Mixed Stand ◽  
Permanent Damage ◽  
The Common ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

During 1989 and 1990, herbicides were applied to suppress common bermudagrass in a mixed stand of common bermudagrass and ‘Emerald’ zoysiagrass. When the mixed stand was treated with fluazifop at 0.2 kg ha-1mid-May and 0.1 kg ha-11 mo later for two consecutive years, the common bermudagrass cover was reduced from 35 to 7% and the zoysiagrass cover increased from 65 to 85%. Similar results were achieve when fenoxaprop was applied at 0.2 kg ha-1mid-May and repeated at monthly intervals for a total of four applications each year for 2 yr. The quality of mixed common bermudagrass and zoysiagrass turf was reduced immediately after each treatment; however, zoysiagrass recovered and treatments did not result in permanent damage. Sethoxydim suppressed common bermudagrass during the second year of treatment, but reduced the zoysiagrass stand each year. Ethofumesate applied along or with flurprimidol severely reduced the zoysiagrass stand with an increase of common bermudagrass.

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