scholarly journals Evaluation of the U.S. Mothbean Collection for Seed Yield Potential in Virginia and Nutritional Composition of Freshly Harvested Seed

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 820-824
Author(s):  
Harbans L. Bhardwaj ◽  
Anwar A. Hamama
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Tepary Bean ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
Seed Yields

Even though mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia), a drought- and heat-tolerant crop, may have potential in the eastern United States, information about its production in this region is not available. To characterize potential seed yields and preliminary nutritional quality, 54 accessions were grown near Petersburg, VA, during 2011, 2012, and 2013. The seed yields varied from 48 to 413 lb/acre. The mean concentrations of protein, calcium, iron, and zinc in mature mothbean seed were 21.9%, 0.17%, 64.8 ppm, and 37.5 ppm, respectively. These values compared well with those in mungbean (Vigna radiata) and tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius). The results demonstrated that mothbean has considerable potential as an alternative, new food legume crop in Virginia and eastern United States.

scholarly journals Multiple Treatment Meta-Analysis of Products Evaluated for Control of Fire Blight in the Eastern United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. K. Ngugi ◽  
B. L. Lehman ◽  
L. V. Madden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Fire Blight ◽  
Pantoea Agglomerans ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

The aim of this analysis was to estimate the effect sizes and consistency of products evaluated for fire blight control in the eastern United States over the last decade. Because only 3% of the 69 studies published from 2000 to 2008 explicitly presented a measure of within-study variability, a method for estimating the least significant difference (LSD) and, hence the sampling variance, for studies with at least two significant mean separations in the presented mean multiple comparisons was developed. Lin's concordance analysis indicated that the estimated LSD was an accurate predictor of the actual LSD based on 35 studies in a calibration evaluation (ρc = 0.997). Separate multi-treatment random-effects meta-analyses were performed for three control categories: antibiotics, biological control, and plant defense-activating products and mean log response ratios relative to the nontreated controls ([Formula: see text]) were computed for each treatment and then back-transformed to obtain the mean percent disease control. None of the products evaluated performed as well as streptomycin, the standard product for fire blight control, for which the mean disease control was 68.6%. As a group, experimental antibiotics provided the best fire blight control with mean effect sizes ranging from 59.7 to 61.7%. Among the biological controls, the best control was noted for treatments combining the antibiotic streptomycin with a product based on Pantoea agglomerans (55.0% mean disease reduction) or Bacillus subtilis (53.9%). Mean disease control was 31.9, 25.7, and 22.6%, respectively, for products based on B. subtilis, Pantoea agglomerans, and Pseudomonas fluorescens without an antibiotic, suggesting that the higher efficacy of the combination treatments was due to the antibiotic. Among the plant defense-activating products, prohexadione calcium had the highest and most consistent effect size (50.7% control), while other products provided modest mean disease control of between 6.1 and 25.8%. Percent control values were significantly moderated by study location and cultivar used in the study, and were smaller, but more variable, when products were tested under high disease intensity compared with low disease intensity. Results indicate that wide-scale use of biological control and plant defense-activating products in the eastern United States is likely to remain low.

Uncertainties, Trends, and Hottest and Coldest Years of U.S. Surface Air Temperature since 1895: An Update Based on the USHCN V2 TOB Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 4185-4203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S. P. Shen ◽  
Christine K. Lee ◽  
Jay Lawrimore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Historical Climatology ◽  
The Mean

Abstract This paper estimates the sampling error variances of gridded monthly U.S. Historical Climatology Network, version 2 (USHCN V2), time-of-observation-biases (TOB)-adjusted data. The analysis of mean surface air temperature (SAT) assesses uncertainties, trends, and the rankings of the hottest and coldest years for the contiguous United States in the period of 1895–2008. Data from the USHCN stations are aggregated onto a 2.5° × 3.5° latitude–longitude grid by an arithmetic mean of the stations inside a grid box. The sampling error variances of the gridded monthly data are estimated for every month and every grid box with data. The gridded data and their sampling error variances are used to calculate the contiguous U.S. averages and their trends and associated uncertainties. The sampling error variances are smaller (mostly less than 0.2°C2) over the eastern United States, where the station density is greater and larger (with values of 1.3°C2 for some grid boxes in the earlier period) over mountain and coastal areas. In the period of 1895–2008, every month from January to December has a positive linear trend. February has the largest trend of 0.162°C (10 yr)−1, and September has the smallest trend at 0.020°C (10 yr)−1. The three hottest (coldest) years measured by the mean SAT over the United States were ranked as 1998, 2006, and 1934 (1917, 1895, and 1912).

scholarly journals Prolonged Dry Episodes over the Conterminous United States: New Tendencies Emerging during the Last 40 Years

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 1850-1862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Ya Groisman ◽  
Richard W. Knight
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rain Events ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract A disproportionate increase in precipitation coming from intense rain events, in the situation of general warming (thus, an extension of the vegetation period with intensive transpiration), and an insignificant change in total precipitation could lead to an increase in the frequency of a potentially serious type of extreme events: prolonged periods without precipitation (even when the mean seasonal rainfall totals increase). This paper investigates whether this development is already occurring during the past several decades over the conterminous United States, for the same period when changes in frequency of intense precipitation events are being observed. Lengthy strings of “dry” days without sizeable (>1.0 mm) precipitation were assessed only during the warm season (defined as a period when mean daily temperature is above the 5°C threshold) when water is intensively used for transpiration and prolonged periods without sizable rainfall represent a hazard for terrestrial ecosystem’s health and agriculture. During the past four decades, the mean duration of prolonged dry episodes (1 month or longer in the eastern United States and 2 months or longer in the southwestern United States) has significantly increased. As a consequence the return period of 1-month-long dry episodes over the eastern United States has reduced more than twofold from 15 to 6–7 yr. The longer average duration of dry episodes has occurred during a relatively wet period across the country but is not observed over the northwestern United States.

scholarly journals Clustering CAMELS using hydrological signatures with high spatial predictability

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ulrich Jehn ◽  
Konrad Bestian ◽  
Lutz Breuer ◽  
Philipp Kraft ◽  
Tobias Houska
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Discharge Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hydrological Signatures ◽  
High Spatial Variability

Abstract. The behavior of every catchment is unique. Still, we need ways to classify them as this helps to improve hydrological theories. Usually catchments are classified along either their attributes classes (e.g. climate, topography) or their discharge characteristics, which is often captured in hydrological signatures. However, recent studies have shown that many hydrological signatures have a low predictability in space and therefore only dubious hydrological meaning. Therefore, this study uses hydrological signatures with the highest predictability in space to cluster 643 catchments from the continental United States (CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and MEteorology for Large-Sample Studies) dataset) into ten groups. We then evaluated the connection between catchment attributes with the hydrological signatures with quadratic regression, both in the overall CAMELS dataset and the ten clusters. In the overall dataset, aridity had the strongest connection to the hydrological signatures, especially in the eastern United States. However, the clusters in the western United States showed a more heterogeneous pattern with a larger influence of forest fraction, the mean elevation or the snow fraction. From this, we conclude that catchment behavior can be mainly attributed to climate in regions with homogenous topography. In regions with a heterogeneous topography, there is no clear pattern of the catchment behavior, as catchments show high spatial variability in their attributes. The classification of the CAMELS dataset with the hydrological signatures allows testing hydrological models in contrasting environments.

scholarly journals Crown-Diameter Prediction Models for 87 Species of Stand-Grown Trees in the Eastern United States

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Bechtold
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Bioclimatic Index ◽  
The Mean

Abstract The mean crown diameters of stand-grown trees were modeled as a function of stem diameter, live-crown ratio, stand basal area, latitude, longitude, elevation, and Hopkins bioclimatic index for 87 tree species in the eastern United States. Stem diameter was statistically significant in all models, and a quadratic term for stem diameter was required for some species. Crown ratio and/or Hopkins index also improved the models for many species. Coefficients of variation from the regression solutions ranged from 18 to 35%, and model r-square values ranged from 0.15 to 0.88. Simpler models, based only on stem diameter and crown ratio, are also presented. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):269–278.

scholarly journals Analytical ingredient content and variability of adult multivitamin/mineral products: national estimates for the Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database1,2

2016 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 526-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen W Andrews ◽  
Janet M Roseland ◽  
Pavel A Gusev ◽  
Joel Palachuvattil ◽  
Phuong T Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Typical Food ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
Manganese Magnesium

ABSTRACT Background Multivitamin/mineral products (MVMs) are the dietary supplements most commonly used by US adults. During manufacturing, some ingredients are added in amounts exceeding the label claims to compensate for expected losses during the shelf life. Establishing the health benefits and harms of MVMs requires accurate estimates of nutrient intake from MVMs based on measures of actual rather than labeled ingredient amounts. Objectives Our goals were to determine relations between analytically measured and labeled ingredient content and to compare adult MVM composition with Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Design Adult MVMs were purchased while following a national sampling plan and chemically analyzed for vitamin and mineral content with certified reference materials in qualified laboratories. For each ingredient, predicted mean percentage differences between analytically obtained and labeled amounts were calculated with the use of regression equations. Results For 12 of 18 nutrients, most products had labeled amounts at or above RDAs. The mean measured content of all ingredients (except thiamin) exceeded labeled amounts (overages). Predicted mean percentage differences exceeded labeled amounts by 1.5–13% for copper, manganese, magnesium, niacin, phosphorus, potassium, folic acid, riboflavin, and vitamins B-12, C, and E, and by ∼25% for selenium and iodine, regardless of labeled amount. In contrast, thiamin, vitamin B-6, calcium, iron, and zinc had linear or quadratic relations between the labeled and percentage differences, with ranges from −6.5% to 8.6%, −3.5% to 21%, 7.1% to 29.3%, −0.5% to 16.4%, and −1.9% to 8.1%, respectively. Analytically adjusted ingredient amounts are linked to adult MVMs reported in the NHANES 2003–2008 via the Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database (http://dsid.usda.nih.gov) to facilitate more accurate intake quantification. Conclusions Vitamin and mineral overages were measured in adult MVMs, most of which already meet RDAs. Therefore, nutrient overexposures from supplements combined with typical food intake may have unintended health consequences, although this would require further examination.

scholarly journals Sensorial, Nutritional and Shelf Life Evaluation of Bio-fortified Millet based Cookies Supplemented with Carrot Powder and Sesame

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanvi Bansal ◽  
Asha Kawatra ◽  
Veenu Sangwan
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
Type 3

Background: Micronutrient deficiency forms an important global health issue, leading to poor mental and physical development in children, predisposing deficient people to various diseases and losses in potential and productivity. To curb this form of malnutrition, fortification of foods via agronomic practices and manually can prove to be useful. Methods: Bio-fortified pearl millets were used for the development of nutrient-dense cookies, that were enriched with micronutrients. Cookies were prepared in eight variations employing both varieties of pearl millets, separately. First, Control-without Carrot powder and sesame; Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 products contained 20%, 30% and 40% carrot powder, respectively along with 20% sesame. The cookies were evaluated for their organoleptic attributes, nutritional composition and shelf life. Result: Cookies were found highly acceptable for organoleptic scores. The nutritional parameters were found to be ranging between 5.26-6.17, 7.89-12.65, 23.31-27.61, 1.37-2.81 and 1.18-1.87 per cent for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, ash and crude fiber, respectively. Similarly 64.11-345.76, 7.05-8.98 and 2.77-3.95 mg/100g for calcium, iron and zinc, respectively, whereas β-carotene was evaluated varying from 13.27 to 583.01 μg/100g for control and Type 2 cookies. The cookies contribute multiple macro and micro nutrients and also have a shelf life of two months when stored in air-tight containers with suitable ambient conditions.

The Relation Between Large-Scale Vertical Motion and Weather in Summer

1958 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 521-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Curtis ◽  
H. A. Panofsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Momentum Exchange ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single Predictor

Large-scale vertical velocities are shown to be closely related to the probabilities of convective precipitation and fair weather in the eastern United States during July 1955. In the daytime the mean relative humidity of the 900 to 700 mb layer is better related to the probability of convective precipitation than the vertical velocity. At night, however, vertical velocity is the best single predictor of convective precipitation, with a modified Showalter Index being a very useful additional criterion. The large-scale vertical velocities that occur in normal summer synoptic situations appear to be produced by a diurnal variation in the momentum exchange between the ground and the air.

scholarly journals Potentials of Neglected Wild Foods: Nutritional Composition of a ‘Plant Meat’ (Nyam Ngub) Prepared From Wild Edible Orchid Tubers

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Dobgima John Fonmboh ◽  
Richard Marcel Nguimbou ◽  
Fokunang Charles Ntungwen ◽  
Divine Bup Nde
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Calcium Iron ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
Proximate And Mineral Composition

The powders of a traditional food (Nyam ngub) and two wild varieties of orchid tubers (Ateehteu and Lamsie) were studied for the chemical composition (proximate and mineral composition) and functional properties (water, oil, ethanol absorption capacities, solubility index and swelling power). The tubers were collected from Kedjom Ketingoh (5o 58’N and 10o 19E) in the Northwest Region of Cameroon from July to September 2017. The Nyam ngub was prepared following the traditional method used by local processors in the field. Nyam ngub and tubers were separately sliced, dried for 96 h at 45 °C, ground and sieved to obtain powders used for the analysis. For 100g DW, the mean crude protein, starch, total sugars, soluble sugars, total lipid, crude fibre, vitamin C, calcium, iron contents and energy values for Ateehteu, Lamsie and Nyam ngub were (1.93; 3.50; 2.59)mg, (6.51; 4.48; 4.26)g, (14.34; 15.07;13.08)g, (1.07; 1.06; 1.05)g, (2.45; 2.93; 2.41)g, (4.02; 5.22; 4.88)g, (8.38; 5.69; 5.93)mg, (58.02; 181.86; 693.03)mg, (2.78; 24.65; 16.02)mg and (60.58; 63.09; 53.73) Kcal. The mean water, oil and ethanol absorption capacities for Ateehteu and Lamsie were (7.29; 9.10) g/g, (2.60; 3.21) g/g and (1.91; 2.28) g/g and solubility index was (44.38; 59.63) %. The results showed that Nyam ngub could therefore represent a rich traditional food that can provide nutrient diversity in diets, served as food for diabetics and had a promising potential as nutraceuticals and functional foods.

scholarly journals Virulence Structure Within Populations of Pseudoperonospora cubensis in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Thomas ◽  
Ignazio Carbone ◽  
Aleš Lebeda ◽  
Peter S. Ojiambo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pseudoperonospora Cubensis ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Differential Host ◽  
Genetic Recombinant ◽  
The Mean

Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by the obligate oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis, has resurged around the world during the past three decades. A new pathotype or genetic recombinant of P. cubensis have been suggested as possible reasons for the resurgence of CDM in the United States in 2004. In total, 22 isolates collected between 2004 and 2014, mainly in the eastern United States, were tested for their compatibility with a set of 15 cucurbit host types. The virulence structure within these isolates was evaluated on a set of 12 differential genotypes from eight genera. All isolates were highly compatible with the susceptible cultivar of Cucumis sativus, whereas the least compatibility was observed with Luffa cylindrica and Momordica charantia. Based on the compatibility with the differential host set, five pathotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, and 6) were identified among the 22 isolates examined. Pathotypes 1 and 3 had not been previously described in the United States and isolates of these two new pathotypes were also compatible with ‘Poinsett 76’, a cultivar of C. sativus known to be resistant to CDM prior to 2004. Virulence within the pathogen population was expressed based on virulence factors, virulence phenotypes, and virulence complexity. The number of virulence factors ranged from two to eight, indicating a complex virulence structure, with 77% of the isolates having five to eight virulence factors. Thirteen virulence phenotypes were identified; the mean number of virulence factors per isolate and mean number of virulence factors per virulence phenotype was 5.05 and 5.23, respectively, indicating that complex isolates and phenotypes contributed equally to the complex virulence structure of P. cubensis. Gleason and Shannon indices of diversity were 3.88 and 2.32, respectively, indicating a diverse virulence structure of P. cubensis within the United States population. The diverse virulence and high virulence complexity within the pathogen population indicate that host resistance alone in available cucurbit cultivars will not be effective to control CDM. An integrated approach involving a combination of fungicide application and introduction of cultivars with new resistance genes will be required for effective management of CDM.

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