scholarly journals Stand Establishment in Plasticulture Systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Orzolek
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

Plasticulture enables growers to optimize establishment of vegetable and fruit crops under nonoptimum conditions and in locations with short growing seasons. Generally, warm-season crops such as muskmelon, pepper, and tomato, are established from transplants to decrease the time to maturity in the field. Directly seeding vegetables such as sweet corn, cucumber, and snap bean through plastic allows for optimum soil temperature and moisture to ensure maximum seed germination and subsequent seedling emergence. Mechanized transplanting or seeding of vegetables in plasticulture is available and successful if a firm, flat bed with plastic firmly stretched over the bed is formed and specific crop requirements are followed during establishment. Common mistakes made with plant establishment in plasticulture are discussed.

Influence of soil mulches and method of crop establishment on growth and yields of pumpkins

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Waterer
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Crop Maturity

Management methods that speed crop establishment, growth and maturity are essential to the efficient production of warm season vegetable crops in regions with short, cool growing seasons. This study examined the influence of method of crop establishment and the use of plastic soil mulches on yields and crop maturity of two cultivars of pumpkins over two cropping seasons in central Saskatchewan. Transplanting did not improve stand establishment over direct seeding but enhanced yields without influencing crop maturity. Plastic mulches improved stand establishment and fruit yields relative to a non-mulched control. Clear mulch was superior to black plastic in some cases. Both cropping seasons were unusually favorable for pumpkin production, which may have obscured the benefits expected for transplanting or mulching. Key words: Pumpkins, Cucumis pepo, seeding, transplanting, mulches, maturity, yields

scholarly journals FACTORS INFLUENCING PREEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF AND SEEDLING BLIGHT OF SH-2 SWEET CORN CAUSED BY PENICILLIUM OXALICUM

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 743b-743
Author(s):  
Nancy W. Callan ◽  
Don E. Mathre ◽  
James B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Penicillium Oxalicum ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Visible Growth ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Penicillium oxalicum is a seed- and soilborne fungal pathogen that causes preemergence damping-off and postemergence seedling blight of sweet corn, While seed infection and infestation by P. oxalicum is common, the amount of injury observed in the field is variable. Our objective was to determine factors influencing the occurrence and severity of disease due to P. oxalicum. Inoculation of sh-2 sweet corn seeds with conidia of P. oxalicum reduced seedling emergence and resulted in seedling mortality. Disease severity in the greenhouse and the field was greater as inoculum density increased from ≈ 102 to 106 conidia per seed. Increasing soil temperatures after planting inoculated seed resulted in more preemergence damping-off. Penicillium oxalicum is capable of growth and sporulation in soil that is too dry for seed germination. Nontreated (naturally infected) sh-2 sweet corn seeds or seeds inoculated with P. oxalicum were incubated in pasteurized soil that had been adjusted to various moisture levels-all too low for seed germination. Increasing soil moisture was associated with visible growth of Penicillium spp. on seed after incubation, and greater levels of damping-off and seedling blight when the seed was planted.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF SEED PREPARATION AND PLANTING DATE ON DAMPING-OFF OF WATERMELON

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 274B-274
Author(s):  
Melvin R. Hall ◽  
Donald R. Summer
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Germination And Growth

Primed, germinated, and untreated seeds of three watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars were planted in March and April of 1990 and 1991 to evaluate damping-off incited by Pythium irregulare and Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. One week after seeding in 1990, plant stand was greater from primed and germinated than untreated Seeds in noninfested soil and greater from primed than germinated or untreated seeds in soil infested with P. irregulare. Neither germinated nor primed seeds improved plant establishment in soil infested with R. solani AG-4. Early plant stand was greater from the April than the March planting in each year. Plant establishment was more consistent from 'Crimson Sweet' than 'Jubilee' or 'Charleston Gray', but cultivar differences in response to P. irregulare or R. Solani AG-4 were not detected. Primed watermelon Seeds may enhance stand establishment in soil infested with P. irregulare when soil temperature at planting is suboptimal to optimal for watermelon seed germination and growth.

scholarly journals Matriconditioning of Vegetable Seeds to Improve Stand Establishment in Early Field Plantings

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar A. Khan ◽  
James D. Maguire ◽  
George S. Abawi ◽  
Satriyas Ilyas
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Control Level ◽  
High Water ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Ph Range

A matriconditioning procedure based on the matric properties of Micro-Cel E and expanded vermiculite #5 has proved effective in improving seedling emergence in growth chambers. The major objectives of this study were to examine some physical characteristics of the carriers and their effectiveness as preplant conditioning media in improving stand establishment of vegetable seeds in field plantings. Carrier characteristics included no detectable solute or osmotic potential, low electrical conductivity (0.48-0.04 mmho/cm), high water-retaining capacity (450% to 600%), a pH range of 7.0 to 8.4, and ability to effectively control seed hydration (conditioning) at low matric potential. The seed: carrier: water ratio for seed conditioning ranged from 1:0.3-0.5:1-2 (by weight). In a field trial, conditioning of `Long Imperator' and `Nantes' carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus Hoffm.) seeds reduced the time to 10% of final emergence (T10) by 2.6 to 2.8 days and to 50% of final emergence (T50) by 2.1 to 3.0 days. Conditioning increased the final emergence percentage by 39% in 1-year-old `Long Imperator' compared to 150% in 4-year-old `Nantes' seeds. In another field trial, the effect of conditioning on stand establishment was evaluated in `Jackpot' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), `California Wonder' pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and `BBL 47' snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. In tomato, conditioning reduced the T10 by 0.9 day, had no effect on T50, and increased the emergence percentage by 86%. In pepper, conditioning reduced the T10 and T50 by 1.5 days and increased the percentage emergence by 30%. In snap bean seeds, conditioning in Micro-Ccl E reduced the T10 and T50 by 0.8 day but adversely affected the percentage emergence. Further reductions in T10 and T50 (1.2 and 1.6 days, respectively) and restoration of percentage emergence to control level occurred upon addition of 0.001 mM GA3 during conditioning. Fungicides added to carrot, tomato, and pepper seeds, with or without conditioning, showed no additional improvements and, in a few cases, adversely affected emergence. A preplant conditioning in Micro-Ccl E, alone or in combination with GA3, smears to be a viable alternative to conditioning! seeds in liquid carriers. Chemical name used: gibberellic acid (GA3)

scholarly journals Carrot seed germination and vigor in response to temperature and umbel orders

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roseane Sousa Pereira ◽  
Warley Marcos Nascimento ◽  
Jairo Vidal Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Cold Test ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Carrot Seed

Several factors may influence carrot (Daucus carota L.) crop establishment. High temperatures (35 - 40°C), for instance, may delay or inhibit carrot seed germination in the field and so compromise the stand establishment. Carrot seeds from superior umbel orders usually have better physiological quality than those of lower umbel orders. These seeds from superior umbel orders may also show a better performance in adverse conditions. In addition, seeds from different ages show differences in vigor, which affect the stand establishment, mainly under adverse conditions. The aim of this study was to verify the germination at high temperatures and the carrot seed vigor of different umbel orders of 'Brasília', as well as the different 'Alvorada' seed lots. Preliminarily, 'Brasilia' seeds were incubated at temperatures ranging from 20 to 36°C. Also, seeds from the primary, secondary and tertiary umbel orders harvested separately from a basic seed production field and seeds from lots harvested in 1998, 1999 and 2000 were analyzed to the following tests: germination at 20°C (optimum) and 35°C (adverse), accelerated aging, cold test, seedling emergence in greenhouse and mass of 100 seeds. High temperatures reduced carrot seed germination. Seeds germinated better at 20°C than 35 or 36ºC. Seeds from primary and secondary orders, as well as less aged seed lots, had higher vigor and germination at high temperature.

scholarly journals QTL Influencing Kernel Chemical Composition and Seedling Stand Establishment in Sweet Corn with the shrunken2 and sugary enhancer1 Endosperm Mutations

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 864-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Juvik ◽  
Gad G. Yousef ◽  
Tae-Ho Han ◽  
Yaacov Tadmor ◽  
Fermin Azanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to identify the chromosomal location and magnitude of effect of quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling sweet corn (Zea mays L.) stand establishment and investigate the impact of dry kernel characteristics on seedling emergence under field conditions. Genetic and chemical analysis was performed on two F2:3 populations (one homozygous for su1 and segregating for se1, the other homozygous for sh2 endosperm carbohydrate mutations) derived from crosses between parental inbreds that differed in field emergence and kernel chemical composition. A series of restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) and phenotypic markers distributed throughout the sweet corn genome were used to construct a genetic linkage map for each population. F2:3 families from the two populations were evaluated for seedling emergence and growth rate at four locations. Mature dry kernels of each family were assayed for kernel chemical and physiological parameters. Composite interval analysis revealed significant QTL associations with emergence and kernel chemical and physiological variables. Improved emergence was positively correlated with lower seed leachate conductivity, greater embryo dry weight, and higher kernel starch content. QTL affecting both field emergence and kernel characteristics were detected in both populations. In the su1 se1 population genomic regions significantly influencing emergence across all four environments were found associated with the se1 gene on chromosome 2 and the RFLP loci php200020 on chromosome 7 and umc160 on chromosome 8. In the sh2 population the RFLP loci umc131 on chromosome 2 and bnl9.08 on chromosome 8 were linked to QTL significantly affecting emergence. Since seedling emergence and kernel sugar content have been shown to be negatively correlated, undesirable effects on sweet corn eating quality associated with each emergence QTL is discussed. Segregating QTL linked to RFLP loci in these populations that exert significant effects on the studied traits are candidates for molecular marker-assisted selection to improve sweet corn seed quality.

scholarly journals Effect of Environmental Factors on the Germination and Emergence of Drunken Horse Grass (Achnatherum inebrians)

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Yonghuan Yue ◽  
Guili Jin ◽  
Weihua Lu ◽  
Ke Gong ◽  
Wanqiang Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Western China ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Achnatherum Inebrians ◽  
Water Ph

Abstract Drunken horse grass [Achnatherum inebrians (Hance) Keng] is a perennial poisonous weed in western China. A comprehensive understanding of the ecological response of A. inebrians germination to environmental factors would facilitate the formulation of better management strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of various abiotic factors, including temperature, light, water, pH and burial depth, on the seed germination and seedling emergence of A. inebrians. The seeds germinated at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C and in alternating-temperature regimes of 15/5, 20/10, 25/15, 30/20, 35/25, 40/30°C, and the seed germination percentages under constant and alternating temperatures ranged from 51% to 94% and 15% to 93%, respectively. Maximum germination occurred at a constant temperature of 25°C, and germination was prevented at 45/35°C. Light did not appear to affect seed germination. The germination percentage of seeds was more than 75% in the pH range of 5 to 10, with the highest germination percentage at pH 6. The seeds germinated at osmotic potentials of 0 MPa to -1.0 MPa, but decreasing osmotic potential inhibited germination, with no germination at -1.2MPa. After 21 d of low osmotic stress, the seeds that did not germinate after rehydration had not lost their vitality. The seedling emergence percentage was highest (90%) when seeds were buried at 1 cm but declined with increasing burial depth and no emergence at 9 cm. Deep tillage may be effective in limiting the seed germination and emergence of this species. The results of this study provide useful information on the conditions necessary for A. inebrians germination and provide a theoretical basis for science-based prediction, prevention and control of this species.

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