scholarly journals Endothall: A Blossom Thinner for Apples

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max W. Williams ◽  
Sally A. Bound ◽  
Jack Hughes ◽  
Stuart Tustin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Aquatic Herbicide ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Low Rate

Endothall [7, oxabicyclo (2,2,1) heptane-2-3 dicarboxylic acid] is an aquatic herbicide with potential use as a blossom thinner for apples (Malus domestics Borkh.). Trials conducted in Washington, New Zealand, and Australia on several apple cultivars indicate that endothall is a safe, consistent blossom thinner. Cultivars treated were `Golden Delicious', `Delicious', `Royal Gala', and `Granny Smith'. Single and repeat applications were used in the New Zealand and Washington tests. With multiple applications of endothall, no fruit marking occurred on any of the test cultivars. In temperate fruit zones with extended apple bloom periods, multiple applications of endothall at a low rate may be beneficial for reducing fruit set and biennial bearing.

scholarly journals 183 ENDOTHALL, A BLOSSOM-THINNING AGENT FOR APPLES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 455c-455
Author(s):  
Max W. Williams ◽  
Sally A. Bound ◽  
Jack Hughes ◽  
Stuart Tustin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Aquatic Herbicide ◽  
Low Rate

Endothall [7, oxybicyclo (2,2,2) heptane-2-3 dicarboxylic acid] is an aquatic herbicide which has potential for use as a blossom thinning agent for apples. Trials conducted in Washington State, New Zealand and Australia on several apple cultivars indicate Endothall is a safe, consistent blossom thinner. Cultivars treated were `Golden Delicious', `Delicious', and `Gala'. Single and repeat applications were used in the New Zealand tests. With multiple applications of Endothall, no fruit marking occurred on any of the test cultivars. In temperate fruit zones with extended apple bloom periods, multiple applications of a low rate of Endothall may he beneficial for reducing fruit set and biennial hearing.

scholarly journals Seven-year orchard performance of eleven new apple cultivars from Holovousy in comparison with some commonly grown ones

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Blažek ◽  
J. Křelinová
Keyword(s):  
Early Summer ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Chemical Protection ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars

 In an orchard trial that was established in the spring of 1999 on M 9 rootstock at the spacing of 4 × 1 m, eleven new apple cultivars bred in Holovousy (Angold, Julia, Nabella, Primadela, Produkta, Resista, Rubinstep, Rucla, Selena, Vysočina and Zuzana) were evaluated in comparison with three standard varieties (Gala, Golden Delicious and Jonagold) and another two with resistance to scab (Rosana and Topaz). In the first three years, the incidence of scab and mildew was evaluated under limited chemical protection. In 2000–2005 on each of 10 randomly selected trees of each cultivar, the time of flowering and optimum harvest ripening were recorded, flower set and fruit sets were rated, yield per tree and weight of 10 fruit samples were measured. Trunk diameter was measured between 2002 and 2005. The early summer apple Julia had the healthiest state and it was recommended for organic growing. Selena was the most precocious, the least vigorous and had the highest crop efficiency. The highest annual yields per tree were recorded with Produkta, but this cultivar had the highest proportion of trees with biennial bearing. Primadela achieved the highest cumulative yields, whereas Angold brought the largest fruits on average. With the obtained results, the evaluated cultivars were characterised by some important features or recommendations for growers.  

scholarly journals Removal of the Most Developed Flowers Influences Fruit Set, Quality, and Yield of Apple Clusters

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Miranda ◽  
Luis G. Santesteban ◽  
José B. Royo
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Made In

The apical or king (K) flower in the apple (Malus ×domestica L. Borkh.) cluster usually develops and blooms first and also has a greater sink potential. For this reason, resources are primarily used by the K fruit, and this is also one of the reasons why most thinning practices tend to favor K fruit set. However, it is not always possible to retain the K flower and remove the lateral ones. This study was undertaken to determine if the removal of the most developed flowers in the cluster influences yield or quality compared to that obtained in a whole cluster. The treatments were made in `Golden Delicious' and `Royal Gala' apple cultivars, within a wide range of flower densities for each cultivar. The factor tested was the intensity of flower removal (FRI); the treatments consisted in removing one, two, or three flowers in each cluster. Flower density was used as a covariate in an analysis of covariance to account for differences in flower densities in response to FRI treatments. In all experiments the covariate was not significant; therefore FRI effect was not affected by flower density. `Golden Delicious' and `Royal Gala' had similar responses to flower removal, so that when at least three flowers in a cluster remained, fruit set and cluster yield were similar to whole clusters. Only when two or fewer poorly developed flowers remained after FRI treatments, yield was reduced by as much as 25%. Fruit from FRI clusters were even heavier than those from whole clusters, due to reduced competition among the fruit, so that the growth potential of fruit from the first and second lateral flowers was similar to clusters with K fruit, in clusters where the K flower had been removed.

scholarly journals Influence of M9 Rootstock on the Reproductive Behaviour of Apple Cultivars under Dry, Semi-arid Growing Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Hafuz Domi ◽  
Telat Spahiu ◽  
Endrit Kullaj ◽  
Fadil Thomaj
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Growth Dynamic ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
June Drop

In the last decade, apple has been intensively cultivated in the western coast of Albania. The scope of this research was to study the influence of M9 rootstock on the reproductive behaviour of apple cultivars ‘M. Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Starking’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Pink Lady’. The trial was conducted from 2010 – 2011 in 5-year old orchards with 2,250 trees/ha grown as French axe and in full production located in Lushnja. The following indicators were measured: diameter of two main branches, number of fruits/branch, fruit growth dynamic and sugar content (%). Global radiation, temperature and humidity were recorded. The reproduction behaviour has also been measured by fruiting spurs in the general structure of the canopy as well as the number of fruits formed for each cultivar. The results have shown that in terms of fruit set, cultivars are ranked as follows: ‘M. Gala’ with the highest number of fruits, then ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Pink Lady’ and ‘Starking’, respectively. The dynamic of fruit dropping shows that ‘Starking’, having the lowest fruit set, after the June drop is more stable while ‘M. Gala’, with the highest fruit set, besides an abundant June drop, had another drop in July.  This is due to higher competition among the fruits and failure of the rootstock to supply the adequate quantities of sap. In terms of fruit growth dynamic, it was observed that intensive growth was measured for all the cultivars during the end of July after which fruit growth slowed down. Changes between cultivars were observed in relation to the maturation period of each cultivar, with ‘M. Gala’ maturing in August, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Pink Lady’ in October and November. ‘Starking and ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars had a more rapid maturation (20 September), accompanied with a higher sugar content which is far more related to climatic factor rather than M9 rootstock. In conclusion, it was found that the cultivars under study have different reproductive behaviour with M9 rootstock. It can also be stated that ‘Starking’ is not appropriate for this coastal region due to inadequate fruiting behaviour.

scholarly journals 509 Defoliation Affects Return Bloom, Fruit Set, and Fruit Quality of Three Apple Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 482D-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Davis ◽  
John A. Barden ◽  
Ross E. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Tree Defoliation ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Return Bloom

In 1997 and 1998, we determined the effects of defoliation on return bloom and fruit set following a light cropping year. In one study, `Braeburn' trees were hand-thinned to a crop density (CD) of 3 fruit/cm 2 trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) in late May 1997, and then either completely defoliated or half of the tree defoliated by hand on one of five dates between June and Sept. 1997. Compared to a nondefoliated control, both whole and half-tree defoliation on all dates reduced fruit count and yield efficiency (kilograms per square centimeter of TCSA) and affected fruit weight, starch, firmness, and soluble solids in 1997. In 1998, return bloom and fruit set were reduced by most 1997 defoliation treatments. Compared to other dates, defoliation on 3 July caused the greatest reduction in return bloom in both whole and half-defoliated trees. In another study, `Braeburn' trees were hand-thinned to a CD of 5 in late May 1998; complete defoliation by hand on 1, 15, or 29 July reduced return bloom and fruit set in 1999; the 1 July treatment resulted in zero return bloom. `Golden Delicious' and `York' trees were thinned to a CD of 3 in late May 1998 and were hand-defoliated on 21 July or 12 August by removing every other leaf or removing three of every four leaves over the entire tree. In 1999, return bloom and spur and lateral fruit set were reduced by all defoliation treatments. Fruit set was most reduced by the 12 Aug. treatment. Fruit set for `York' was lower than for `Golden Delicious' in all cases.

scholarly journals Analysis of S-allele Genotypes of Japanese Apple Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 618e-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadao Komori ◽  
J. Soejima ◽  
Y. Ito ◽  
H. Bessho
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Genotype Analysis ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Cross ◽  
S Allele ◽  
Near Future

Cross-incompatible combinations among the main cultivars in apple are rarely reported in Japan. Recently, however, most new Japanese cultivars are progenies of `Ralls Janet', `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Jonathan', and `Indo'. Cross incompatibility in apple, therefore, will become a serious problem in the near future. Since the analysis of the S-allele genotypes were not performed, especially in Japanese apple cultivars, the fruit set percentage were examined in several combinations of `Hatsuaki' (`Jonathan' × `Golden Delicious') and `Iwakami' (`Fuji' × `Jonathan') progenies using back crossings. As a result, we found that `Golden Delicious' and `Jonathan' had no common S-allele, while `Fuji' and `Jonathan' had one common S-allele. These facts were used as basics for the S-allele genotype analysis, and fruit set percentage and seed number per fruit were investigated on a large scale. The cross seedlings between `Delicious' and `Jonathan', `Ralls Janet' and `Jonathan', `Iwakami' and `Golden Delicious', `Golden Delicious' and `Delicious', `Hatsuaki' and `Fuji', `Hatsuaki' and `Delicious', `Hatsuaki' and `Jonathan', and `Hatsuaki' and `Golden Delicious' were analyzed. In addition, incompatibility between `Redgold' and `Kinesei' (`Golden Delicious' × `Ralls Janet'), `Senshu' (`Toukou' × `Fuji') and `Iwakami', and progenies of `Northern Spy' also were analyzed. As a result, we have found the existence of six alleles and 15 genotypes, and we have established S-allele standard cultivars and strains as follows: (Sa, Sb) = `Golden Delicious'; (Sa, Sc) (4)-354, (4)-425; (Sa, Sd) = `Toukou'; (Sa, Se) = `Redgold', `Kinsei'; (Sa, Sf) = `Narihokou', (4)-4195; (Sb, Sc) = `Hatsuaki', `Kuifua', `Sekaiichi'; (Sb, Sd) = `Tsugaru', (4)-300; (Sb, Se) = (4)-150, (4)-743; (Sb, Sf) = `Northern Spy', M.9, `Umezawa'; (Sc, Sd) = `Jonathan', `Himekami'; (Sc, Sf) = `Fuji', `Shinkou'; (Sd, Se) =; (Sd, Sf) = `Senshu', `Iwakami'; (Se, Sf) = `Ralls Janet'.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OVER 10 YEARS OF 4 APPLE CULTIVARS IN INTENSIVE ORCHARD SYSTEMS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 619g-620
Author(s):  
David C. Ferree ◽  
W. Timothy Rhodus
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars

In 1981, four apple cultivars were established as a low trellis hedgerow on 11.9 or free-standing central leaders on 11.7 at the recommended or half the recommended spacing with the close planted trees either root pruned or hedged. The trellis had a higher trunk area (TCA)/ha (31%), yield/ha (41%) and tree efficiency (19%). `Lawspur Rome Beauty' had the highest TCA/ha, cumulative yield/ha and greatest tendency toward biennial bearing of the 4 cvs. `Smoothee Golden Delicious' trees in the central leader system were less efficient (kg/cm2) than in the trellis system. Hedging increased cumulative yield/ha compared to standard spaced trees with root pruned trees intermediate. Training trees to the trellis increased the density of both spurs and shoots and resulted in a higher leaf area index. Central leader trees of `Smoothee' and `Red Chief' had higher light transmission levels than the trellis, while the trellis trees had higher light levels with `Lawspur'. Return over total cost was negative for years 1-10 for all systems. Cumulative NPV for `Redchief' hedged on central leader equaled `Lawspur' at the standard spacing on trellis and exceeded all other combinations.

scholarly journals Naphthaleneacetic Acid and Ethephon Are Florigenic in the Biennial Apple Cultivars Golden Delicious and York Imperial

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 742-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven McArtney ◽  
Duane Greene ◽  
Tory Schmidt ◽  
Rongcai Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Summer Program ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud Formation

‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘York Imperial’ are apple cultivars that are prone to develop a biennial bearing habit. A successful chemical thinning program with carbaryl plus 6-benzyladenine applied at the 10-mm fruit diameter stage reduced cropload and increased return bloom of ‘York Imperial’, although the improvement in return bloom resulting from chemical thinning was insufficient to ensure a commercial cropload in the year after treatment (fewer than 10% of spurs developing flowers). A chemical thinning program with multiple applications of a naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and ethephon mixture during the period from 36 to 73 days after bloom increased return bloom of ‘York Imperial’ trees to commercially acceptable levels (25% or greater of spurs flowering). NAA applied during the period from 50 to 100 days after bloom (summer NAA program) or from 110 to 140 days after bloom (preharvest NAA program) increased return bloom of ‘Golden Delicious’. When aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) was included with the first NAA spray in a summer program, the efficacy was reduced, indicating that ethylene may be partly involved in the florigenic activity of NAA. Dissection of ‘Golden Delicious’ buds sampled from three locations (Asheville, NC; Amherst, MA; Wenatchee, WA) at ≈14-day intervals beginning 50 days after bloom indicated that the time of floral transition (doming of the meristem apex) occurred during the period from 65 to 105 days after bloom at each location. Thus, NAA applications in a summer program for return bloom coincided with the period when floral determination normally occurred. Preharvest NAA programs effectively promoted return bloom in the experiments where a summer NAA program was also effective. These responses indicate that NAA can trigger floral development within vegetative buds relatively late in the summer and outside of the time period when it is generally believed possible to influence flower bud formation.

Variation of Phytochemicals Content in Pulp and Skin of Seven Romanian Apple Cultivars

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-477
Author(s):  
Lacramioara Oprica ◽  
Doina Atofanei ◽  
Vladimir Poroch
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Colour Intensity ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Apple Fruits

The amounts of anthocyanins, flavonoids, total polyphenol and ascorbic acid in seven apple cultivars from Romania were investigated. The amounts of polyphenol and flavonoids in pulp and skin of apple cultivars ranged between 17.18�7.52 mg GAE/g DW and 20.10�11.06 mg CE/g DW as well as 3.64�1.18 mg GAE/g DW and 10.31�5.57 mg CE/g DW, respectively. The highest and smallest values of ascorbic acid both in the skin and the pulp were observed in the cultivars Mutsu and Starkrimson. The anthocyanin content is positively correlated with the colour intensity of the apple epicarp, being about three-fold higher in Prima than Golden Delicious cultivar. The better antioxidant activity provided by the content of polyphenol, ascorbic acid and flavonoids was in apple fruits of Mutsu cultivar and for this reason it should be regarded as a valuable source of antioxidants.

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