scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition and Growth of `Hamlin' Orange Nursery Trees on Swingle' Citrumelo Rootstock

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Guazzelli ◽  
Frederick S. Davies ◽  
James J. Ferguson ◽  
William S. Castle
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Commercial Media ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo ◽  
Level Analysis

Two experiments were conducted with container-grown `Hamlin' orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] on `Swingle' citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock to study the effects of N rate on plant growth in the nursery. Treatments consisted of 12, 50, 100, or 200 mg N/liter per tree applied once a week by drip irrigation. Commercial media was used and soil water content was maintained at container capacity. In Expt. 1, fertilization at 200 mg·liter−1 resulted in greater scion growth, trunk diameter, and total leaf dry weight compared to the other rates. In Expt. 2, fertilization at 100 and 200 mg·liter−1 resulted in greater scion growth,” trunk diameter, and leaf and stem dry weights compared to lower rates, but no differences were observed between the two highest rates. Trees that received 12 and 50 mg·liter−1 were stunted and leaves were chlorotic. Therefore, the optimum calculated N rate for `Hamlin' nursery trees on `Swingle' citrumelo rootstock, based on critical level analysis, is 155 to 165 mg·liter-1.

scholarly journals 266 NITROGEN EFFECT ON GROWTH OF YOUNG `HAMLIN' ORANGE/`SWINGLE' CITRUMELO TREES IN THE NURSERY

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 468a-468
Author(s):  
L. Guazzelli ◽  
F.S. Davies ◽  
J.J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Nitrogen Effect ◽  
Commercial Medium ◽  
Optimum N Rate ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Two experiments were conducted with containerized `Hamlin' orange trees (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osb.) on `Swingle' citrumelo (C. paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf.) rootstock to study the effects of N rate on growth of plants in the nursery. Treatments consisted of the following N rates: 12, 50, 100 and 200 mg·liter-1 applied once a week through drip irrigation. In Expt. 1, fertilization at the 200 mg·liter-1 rate resulted in greater scion growth, trunk diameter and total leaf dry weight as compared to the other rates. In Expt. 2, application of 100 and 200 mg·liter-1 rates resulted in greater scion growth and trunk diameter as compared to lower rates, but no differences were seen between the two highest rates. Trees receiving the 12 and 50 mg·liter-1 rates were stunted and leaves were chlorotic. Therefore, the optimum N rate for trees on `Swingle' citrumelo rootstock is between 100 and 200 mg·liter-1, although the 200 mg·liter-1 rate may not be economically justified. Moreover, the N rate for nursery plants growing on `Swingle' citrumelo rootstock in commercial medium may be higher than for other rootstocks, where rates less than 50 mg·liter-1 produce optimum growth.

scholarly journals Performance of ‘Cadenera’ orange trees grafted on five rootstocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Ricardo Domingues ◽  
Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves ◽  
Inês Fumiko Ubukata Yada ◽  
Rui Pereira Leite Junior ◽  
Zuleide Hissano Tazima
Keyword(s):  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Canopy Size ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Abstract Citriculture is an important alternative for the agribusiness development in the state of Paraná, Brazil. However, the use of a few cultivars of scion and rootstock restricts the harvest period and increases the vulnerability to pests and diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative growth, production and fruit quality of ‘Cadenera’ orange trees (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ) grafted on five rootstocks, during nine harvests, under a subtropical environmental condition. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replications, two plants per plot, and five rootstocks: ‘Rangpur’ lime (C. limonia Osb.), ‘Cleopatra’ (C. reshni hort. ex Tanaka ) and ‘Sunki’ mandarins (C. sunki hort. ex Tanaka (L.) Raf.), ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [C. paradisi Macfad. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], and ‘C-13’ citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Pera x P.s trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. Biometric variables, and fruit yield and quality were analyzed. The smallest canopy size was induced by ‘Rangpur’ lime and ‘C 13’ citrange rootstocks. ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and ‘C 13’ citrange provided the highest yields for the ‘Cadenera’ sweet orange trees and were superior to ‘Rangpur’ lime. Trees grafted on ‘C 13’ citrange presented the highest yield and productive efficiency.

scholarly journals Forcing Treatment and Rootstock Affect Budbreak and Growth of Containerized Citrus Nursery Trees

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
B.E. Maust
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Carrizo Citrange ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo ◽  
The Way

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rootstock and bud-forcing treatment on scion budbreak and nursery tree growth of `Hamlin' orange. In Expt. 1, `Carrizo' citrange, `Swingle' citrumelo, and `Cleopatra' mandarin were budded with `Hamlin' orange and forced by one of the following methods: cutting off (purning away the rootstock top about 2 cm above the inserted scion bud); lopping (cutting half to two-thirds of the way through the rootstock stem 2 cm above the bud union, and breaking over the stem but leaving it attached); or bending (bending the rootstock shoot above the inserted scion bud and tying it to the base of the plant). For `Swingle' only, percent budbreak was less for bending or lopping compared to cutting off. For `Carrizo' and `Swingle', scion dry weights were less when plants were forced by cutting off compared to bending or lopping. For all rootstocks, whole-plant dry weights were greater for plants forced by bending and lopping than for plants forced by cutting off. In Expt. 2, scion buds on `Swingle' and `Cleopatra' plants were forced by the three methods in Expt. 1 plus combinations of bending with notching (making an inverted V incision through the bark and into the wood on the rootstock stem directly above the scion bud) and/or topping (removing the teminal 2 cm of rootstock shoot tips of plants forced by bending). Percent scion budbreak was high for `Cleopatra' plants regardless of forcing treatment. For `Swingle', scion budbreak was greater when bending was combined with notching than for bending alone. For `Cleopatra', plant dry weight was greatest for plants forced by lopping. When bending was combined with notching, or notching with topping, `Swingle' scion budbreak was comparable to cutting off, but plant dry weights were greater with these combination treatments than when cutting off was used.

scholarly journals Production of interstocked 'Pera' sweet orange nursey trees on 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Swingle' citrumelo rootstocks

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Augusto Girardi ◽  
Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Volkamer Lemon ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Incompatibility among certain citrus scion and rootstock cultivars can be avoided through interstocking. 'Pera' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) nursery tree production was evaluated on 'Swingle' citrumelo (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf x Citrus paradisi Macf) and 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Pasquale) incompatible rootstocks, using 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tanaka), and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tanaka) as interstocks. Citrus nursery trees interstocked with 'Pera' sweet orange on both rootstocks were used as control. 'Swingle' citrumelo led to the highest interstock bud take percentage, the greatest interstock height and rootstock diameter, as well as the highest scion and root system dry weight. Percentage of 'Pera' sweet orange dormant bud eye was greater for plants budded on 'Sunki' mandarin than those budded on 'Valencia' sweet orange. No symptoms of incompatibility were observed among any combinations of rootstocks, interstocks and scion. Production cycle can take up to 17 months with higher plant discard.

scholarly journals Nutrient content of biomass components of Hamlin sweet orange trees

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirceu Mattos Jr. ◽  
José Antônio Quaggio ◽  
Heitor Cantarella ◽  
Ashok Kumar Alva
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Orange Trees

The knowledge of the nutrient distribution in trees is important to establish sound nutrient management programs for citrus production. Six-year-old Hamlin orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] on Swingle citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus paradisi Macfad.] rootstock, grown on a sandy Entisol in Florida were harvested to investigate the macro and micronutrient distributions of biomass components. The biomass of aboveground components of the tree represented the largest proportion of the total. The distribution of the total tree dry weight was: fruit = 30.3%, leaf = 9.7%, twig = 26.1%, trunk = 6.3%, and root = 27.8%. Nutrient concentrations of recent mature leaves were in the adequate to optimal range as suggested by interpretation of leaf analysis in Florida. Concentrations of Ca in older leaves and woody tissues were much greater than those in the other parts of the tree. Concentrations of micronutrients were markedly greater in fibrous root as compared to woody roots. Calcium made up the greatest amount of nutrient in the citrus tree (273.8 g per tree), followed by N and K (234.7 and 181.5 g per tree, respectively). Other macronutrients comprised about 11% of the total nutrient content of trees. The contents of various nutrients in fruits were: N = 1.20, K = 1.54, P = 0.18, Ca = 0.57, Mg = 0.12, S = 0.09, B = 1.63 x 10-3, Cu = 0.39 x 10-3, Fe = 2.1 x 10-3, Mn = 0.38 10-3, and Zn = 0.40 10-3 (kg ton-1). Total contents of N, K, and P in the orchard corresponded to 66.5, 52.0, and 8.3 kg ha-1, respectively, which were equivalent to the amounts applied annually by fertilization.

scholarly journals Presymptomatic Fibrous Root Decline in Citrus Trees Caused by Huanglongbing and Potential Interaction with Phytophthora spp.

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 1195-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Graham ◽  
E. G. Johnson ◽  
T. R. Gottwald ◽  
M. S. Irey
Keyword(s):  
Mass Density ◽  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
South Central ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, was first detected in Florida in late 2005 and is now widely distributed throughout the commercial citrus-growing regions. In recent seasons, concurrent with freeze and drought episodes, symptomatic HLB-infected trees were much more affected by the extremes of temperature and moisture than trees without HLB. Symptoms exhibited by the stressed trees were excessive leaf loss and premature fruit drop even when HLB-infected trees were managed with good nutritional and irrigation practices recommended to support health of HLB-affected trees. This stress intolerance may be due to a loss of fibrous roots. To assess root status of HLB-infected trees on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata), blocks of 2,307 3-year-old ‘Hamlin’ orange trees and 2,693 4-year-old ‘Valencia’ orange trees were surveyed visually and with a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to determine ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infection status. The incidence of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected trees (presymptomatic: ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’+, visually negative; and symptomatic: ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’+, visually positive) trees was 89% for the Hamlin block and 88% for the Valencia block. ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’+ trees had 30 and 37% lower fibrous root mass density for presymptomatic and symptomatic trees, respectively, compared with ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’– trees. In a second survey, 10- to 25-year-old Valencia trees on Swingle citrumelo or ‘Carrizo’ citrange (C. sinensis (L.) × P. trifoliata) rootstock were sampled within 3 to 6 months after identification of visual HLB status as symptomatic (‘Ca. L. asiaticus’+, visually positive) or nonsymptomatic (‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-, visually negative) in orchards located in the central ridge, south-central, and southwest flatwoods. Pairs of HLB symptomatic and nonsymptomatic trees were evaluated for PCR status, fibrous root mass density, and Phytophthora nicotianae propagules in the rhizosphere soil. ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’+ trees had 27 to 40% lower fibrous root mass density and, in one location, higher P. nicotianae per root but Phytophthora populations per cubic centimeter of soil were high on both ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’+ and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’– trees. Fibrous root loss from HLB damage interacted with P. nicotianae depending on orchard location and time of year.

scholarly journals Nitrogen, Rootstocks, and Growth of Young 'Rhode Red' Valencia Orange Trees

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Davies ◽  
Glenn R. Zalman
Keyword(s):  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
N Application ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Optimum N Rate ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Effect On Growth

Several studies suggest that optimum N rate and application frequency differ among citrus rootstocks. `Rhode Red' valencia orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] on three rootstocks, C. volkameriana Ten. and Pasq., `Carrizo' citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], and `Swingle' citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.], were used to determine if N rate and application frequency should be adjusted, based on rootstock, during the first 3 years in the field. Treatments were arranged in a 3×3×3 (rootstock, N rates, N application frequency, respectively) factorial experiment. Annual N application rates ranged from 68 to 272 g/tree depending on tree age, and N was applied biweekly, weekly or monthly. Application frequency had no effect on trunk diameter or leaf N concentration in any year. Rootstock had a significant effect on growth in all 3 years, with trees on C. volkameriana being largest and having the greatest yields, followed by those on `Carrizo' and `Swingle', respectively. Trees on C. volkameriana were larger than those on the other rootstocks because they were larger at planting, grew over a longer period during the year, and often grew at a faster rate. Nitrogen rate had no effect on growth during the first 2 years in the field, but the highest N rate increased yields in year 3 for trees on C. volkameriana and `Swingle' rootstocks. Interaction between rootstock and N rate was nonsignificant for trunk diameter, but it was significant for yield, suggesting that trees on C. volkameriana responded more to increased N than did those on the other rootstocks.

scholarly journals Fertilization and Growth of Field-grown Citrus Nursery Trees in Florida

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick S. Davies ◽  
Glenn Zalman
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Optimum N Rate ◽  
Leaf N

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various levels of nitrogen (N) on growth of ‘Hamlin’ orange (Citrus sinensis) trees on Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock in a field nursery. Newly budded liners were obtained from commercial nurseries and received from 0 to 3976 kg N per treated hectare annually (8N–0P–6.6K) in 14 applications per season. Tree trunk diameter, height, and dry weight were measured in two separate experiments. Total dry weight and trunk diameter were greatest for trees receiving 794 kg·ha−1 N annually during both seasons. However, annual N rates more than 1589 kg·ha−1 reduced trunk diameters and dry weight compared with the optimum N rate during both seasons. Leaf N concentration and N rate were positively correlated in both seasons, but leaf N concentration was poorly correlated with tree trunk diameter and dry weight. Therefore, very high rates of N fertilization may actually reduce ‘Hamlin’ orange tree growth in field nurseries when growing in an Arredondo fine sand.

scholarly journals Growth and 14C-Photosynthate Allocation in Citrus Nursery Trees Subjected to One of Three Bud-forcing Methods

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
W.S. Castle ◽  
K.E. Koch
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Weight Analysis ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Photosynthate Allocation

Three commercially employed treatments to force scion bud growth were compared using greenhouse-grown `Carrizo' citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedlings budded with `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.]. Scion buds were forced either by 1) cutting off (removing the rootstock shoot above the bud union); 2) lopping (cutting half-way through the rootstock shoot above the bud union and breaking over the rootstock stem); or 3) bending (bending the rootstock shoot to its base and tying it in position). Plants were harvested, dried, and weighed at various times after scion shoot emergence. Plants on which rootstock shoots remained attached (lopping or bending) had the largest scion leaf area and gained the most scion and whole-plant dry weight. Bending rootstock shoots also resulted in a longer scion, more leaves, and higher root dry weight than did removal of rootstock shoots by cutting off. Few differences in overall growth were observed among trees retaining their rootstock shoots after two scion growth flushes. Removal of rootstock shoots after the first scion growth flush reduced leaf area and dry weight gain of the second scion growth flush; however, it did not affect total scion leaf area or dry weight. Analysis of 14C-photosynthate transfer from labeled rootstock leaves showed that bending allowed the greatest movement of labeled assimilates to other plant parts during the 24 hours after 14CO2 fixation. Radiolabeled photosynthates from rootstock leaves were partitioned primarily to shoots during scion growth flushes and to roots during periods between growth flushes.

scholarly journals Growth of Budded, Containerized, Citrus Nursery Plants when Photosynthesis of Rootstock Shoots Is Limited

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1363-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Williamson ◽  
B.E. Maust
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rootstock shoot defoliation or shading on growth during the first two scion flushes of budded, containerized, citrus nursery trees. Both experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] seedlings budded with `Hamlin' orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.]. Scion buds were forced by cutting off the rootstock shoots above the bud union or by bending the rootstock shoots and tying them to the base of the plants (bending). In one experiment, shoots from both rootstocks that were forced by bending received one of four defoliation treatments: treatments were 0%, 40%, 60%, or 85% (based on leaf area) defoliation for Cleopatra and 0%, 30%, 60%, or 100% defoliation for Swingle. In the second experiment, rootstock shoots of plants forced by bending were subjected to a maximum photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 820, 225, 90, or 30 μmol·m–2·s–1. Growth of Cleopatra plants declined linearly with increasing levels of rootstock shoot defoliation. When rootstock shoot defoliation was ≤40%, whole-plant (minus rootstock shoot) dry weights were higher for plants forced by bending than for those forced by cutting off rootstock shoots. For Swingle, most growth responses to rootstock shoot defoliation were curvilinear. Higher levels of rootstock shoot defoliation resulted in less growth than lower defoliation levels. Low PPF reduced whole-plant (minus rootstock shoot) and root dry weights for both rootstocks compared to high PPF. For Cleopatra, whole-plant and scion dry weights were highest at the highest PPF. For Swingle, whole-plant and scion dry weights were highest at 225 μmol·m–2·s–1. For both rootstocks, plants forced by bending had higher dry weights at 820 and 225 μmol·m–2·s–1 than plants forced by cutting off the rootstock shoots. For Swingle, most of the reduction in scion growth from rootstock shoot defoliation occurred during the first scion flush. Our results suggest that recently produced rootstock shoot photosynthates are the primary source of greater plant growth achieved by bending compared to cutting off rootstock shoots.

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