scholarly journals Copper Hydroxide Affects Root Distribution of Ilex cassine in Plastic Containers

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
E.F. Gilman ◽  
R.J. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide ◽  
Plastic Containers

The root : shoot ratio for Ilex cassine L. grown 7 months in copper-treated containers was less than in nontreated containers. There was less dry weight for roots <5 mm in diameter in copper-treated containers than in nontreated containers in the outer 1 cm of the rootball. Dry weight of roots >5 mm in diameter within the rootball were not affected by copper hydroxide treatment. Coating the interior of a plastic container with cupric hydroxide eliminated coarse roots (> 5 mm in diameter) and significantly reduced fine root weight from the outer 1 cm of the rootball. Fine roots inside the rootball did not replace fine roots lacking in the outer 1 cm.

Above- and below-ground biomass and fine roots of 4-year-old hybrids of Populustrichocarpa × Populusdeltoides and parental species in short-rotation culture

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1186-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E. Heilman ◽  
G. Ekuan ◽  
D. Fogle
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio

Mean annual aboveground leafless biomass production averaged 14.8, 11.4, and 24.3 Mg•ha−1•year−1 at harvest at 4 years of age for Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray, Populusdeltoides Marsh., and P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides hybrids, respectively. These trees were planted at 1 × 1 m spacing on a medium- to coarse-textured alluvial soil in western Washington. Branches accounted for 13.2–20.3% of the aboveground weight. Total weight of stumps and coarse roots at harvest varied from 12.3 to 29.6 Mg•ha−1, or 22–33% of the weight of aboveground leafless biomass. Small and fine roots sampled to a depth of 3.17 m using soil cores amounted to an additional 6.6–11 Mg•ha−1 of roots. Stumps and all roots as a ratio of aboveground biomass (root/shoot ratio) ranged from 0.34 to 0.42, with hybrids accounting for the entire range of values present. Mass of the fine roots (less than 0.5 mm diameter) ranged from 4.0 to 6.5 Mg•ha−1, or an average of 6.8% of the aboveground biomass. The smallest of the fine roots measured 0.06 mm in diameter. Specific root length of fine roots averaged 50.7 m•g−1 for P. deltoides, 42 m•g−1 for P. trichocarpa, and 30–47 m•g−1 for hybrids. Total length of fine roots to a depth of 3.17 m ranged from 179 000 to 284 000 km•ha−1. Density of fine roots by length per unit soil volume was greatest at the surface with the range of means for clones in the top 0.18 m being 2.4–6.3 cm•cm−3; at 1.0–3.17 m soil depth, density was 0.02–0.6 cm•cm−3. For two of the hybrid clones, the density of fine roots at the soil surface was half that of the other clones. The distribution of fine roots in the stratified soil profile was correlated with soil depth, Kjeldahl N, and organic matter, with the latter two parameters showing the highest coefficients of determination (0.73 and 0.71, respectively). In the more sandy but layered subsoil (0.36–3.17 m depth), soil depth, Kjeldahl N, and sand content were most strongly correlated with fine root density, with depth and sand content giving the highest coefficients of determination (0.32 and 0.31, respectively). Roots in sandy subsoil were coarser and much less branched than in adjacent finer textured layers.

scholarly journals Production Techniques for Highrise™ and Seedling Live Oak

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Ann Stodola ◽  
Michael D. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Production Techniques

Abstract Cutting propagated Quercus virginiana ‘QVTIA’ Highrise™ PP #11219 and seedling live oak required the same amount of time to prune to a dominant leader in the nursery. Highrise™ live oaks were more uniform in caliper, height and root ball characteristics than the seedling crop. Finished seedling trees had larger caliper than cutting propagated Highrise™ but height was similar. Root pruning horizontal roots alone or in combination with placing root pruning fabric under the liner at planting reduced dry weight of roots in the root ball by reducing large-diameter root weight and increasing small-diameter root weight. Trees produced by both methods of root pruning survived the digging process better than non root-pruned trees in the summer digging season. Seedlings had more root weight in the root ball and a higher root: shoot ratio than Highrise™ live oak. But Highrise™ had a 45% greater small diameter root: shoot ratio than seedling live oak, and more Highrise™ survived the digging process than seedlings. Highrise™ may not need root pruning during production if dug in the dormant season.

scholarly journals Growth of Coreopis and Plumbago in Plastic and Cu(OH)2-Impregnated Fiber Containers

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 300-302
Author(s):  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Perennial Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Container Type

A study was conducted with Coreopsis verticillata L. `Moonbeam' and Plumbago auriculata Lam. to evaluate the growth of these perennial plants in 2.6-liter (#1) black plastic containers (BPCs) compared to plants grown in fiber containers with Cu(OH)2 (FCs+) impregnated into the container walls. Coreopsis root and shoot dry weight was unaffected by container type, whereas Plumbago root and shoot dry weight was greater (2.2× and 1.6×, respectively) for plants grown in FCs+ compared to BPCs. The root : shoot ratio of Plumbago increased 30% when plants were grown in FCs+ compared to BPCs. Root circling was effectively controlled for both species grown in the FCs+. FCs remained in salable condition for the duration of the study. In contrast to untreated FCs, FCs+ will have to be removed at transplanting to allow for normal root development.

scholarly journals Seasonal patterns of fine-root productivity and turnover in a tropical savanna of northern Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyong Chen ◽  
Derek Eamus ◽  
Lindsay B. Hutley
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Tropical Savanna ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Ecosystem Production ◽  
Below Ground

Fine roots and their turnover represent a dynamic aspect of below-ground biomass (BGB) and nutrient capital in forest ecosystems, and account for a significant fraction of net primary productivity (NPP) (Cuevas 1995, Vogt et al. 1990). On a weight basis, coarse roots contribute more to total ecosystem biomass than fine roots, but they account for only a small portion of annual root production (Eamus et al. 2002). Despite the fact that fine roots may compose less than 2% of total ecosystem biomass, they may contribute up to 40% of total ecosystem production (Vogt et al. 1990). Therefore, estimates of root production, like estimates of root biomass, should differentiate between coarse- and fine-root production.

scholarly journals Styrene-Lined and Copper-Coated Containers Affect Production of Cornus florida

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Brass ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Cornus Florida ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Root Coverage ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Plastic Containers

Abstract Response of dogwood cultivars (Cornus florida ‘Barton's White’ and ‘Weaver's White’) to styrene lining and copper hydroxide coating of 10.3 liter (#3) black plastic containers was evaluated in 1993 and 1994. After the first growing season, dogwoods were either left in their original containers or repotted into untreated 23.3 liter (#7) containers. Copper hydroxide reduced root circling of both cultivars in containers; however, root dry weight of plants grown in copper-treated containers was reduced during the first season. Copper-treated containers resulted in less growth in height when plants were left in their original container during the second growing season and less trunk diameter growth of plants repotted into 23.3 liter (#7) containers. In the absence of copper, more surface root coverage and less surface root dieback occurred with plants grown in styrene-lined containers. Both cultivars grown the second season in their original styrene-lined containers had greater height increase than those in unlined containers. After being repotted into 23.3 liter (#7) containers, both cultivars originally grown in styrene-lined containers had greater trunk diameter growth than those in unlined containers.

scholarly journals Root Growth of Seedlings and Microcuttings of Western Black Cherry Grown in Compacted Soil

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-457
Author(s):  
Venu G. Oddiraju ◽  
Caula A. Beyl ◽  
Philip A. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Coarse Roots ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Surface Areas

Seedlings and microcuttings taken from two western black cherry (Prunus serotina var. virens Ehrh.) trees, one with profuse roots and one with scant roots, were grown in either normal or compacted soil to determine if the variation in the growth of fine and coarse roots under conditions of compaction could be attributed to genetic factors or method of propagation. An image processing system [Image Capture and Analysis System (ICAS)] was used to classify and measure the roots. There was a significant reduction in the surface area of fine roots, total surface area, and root dry weight after 12 weeks of compaction, but the effect on coarse roots was nonsignificant. Initial differences in the larger surface area of coarse roots of seedlings vs. for those of microcuttings disappeared over the course of the experiment. However, the surface areas of fine roots and the total surface area were significantly larger and root dry weight was higher for seedlings than for microcuttings, even at the end of the 12-week treatment period. The surface areas of fine and coarse roots, total surface area, and dry weight of roots were similar at the end of the experiment, regardless of genotype.

scholarly journals Growth and Potential of Root Regeneration of Trees Grown in Cupric Hydroxide-coated Fabric

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 794F-794
Author(s):  
Driss Iraqi ◽  
Isabelle Duchesne ◽  
Jacques-André Rioux
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Coated Fabric ◽  
Cupric Hydroxide

The most widespread deformation observed in container production is root circling. Consequently, root circling often reduces growth, root regeneration, and tree anchorage at transplanting time. The objectives of this study were to test the effectiveness of Cu(OH)2 lined containers on restriction of root tips, tree growth, and potential root regeneration (PRR). Two species were used in this study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Acer saccharinum. Species were grown for one season in containers lined with one of six combinations of polymer (P) (0, 30, and 60 g·m–2) and copper (Cu) (0%,0.4%, and 0.8%) -coated fabric. Two other treatments were included as controls: a plastic container and a fabric container. Seedlings of each species were harvest twice: at the first season and after being transplanted from 10- to 75-liter containers. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with six repetitions. Results of root circling length and dry weight indicate good restriction of root tips for two combinations (30 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu; 60 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu) for all species. However, treatments did not cause any reduction in stem height, trunk diameter, or stem and root dry weight. At the end of the transplanting season, PRR was greater for two combinations (30 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu; 60 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu), especially for green ash. No significant differences were observed between a plastic fabric and the two treatments cited for the other growth parameters. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed throughout the experiment.

scholarly journals Chipped Pine Logs: A Potential Substrate for Greenhouse and Nursery Crops

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1513-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Jake F. Browder
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Substrate Solution ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Nursery Crops ◽  
Short Term Experiment ◽  
Plastic Containers

Due to uncertainties of future supplies of pine bark (PB) and peatmoss, ground Pinus taeda logs [pine chips (PC)] were compared to ground PB as a potential container substrate for japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. `Chesapeake'), azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planch. `Karen'), and marigold (Tagetes erecta Big. `Inca Gold'). Plants were potted in 2.8-L plastic containers 8 Apr. 2004 with either 100% PC, 100% PB, or 75% PC:25%PB (v/v), and glasshouse grown 8 weeks for marigold and 13 weeks for holly and azalea. Plant dry weights were higher for marigold grown in 100% PB compared to 100% PC but not different from plants grown in 75% PC:25% PB. Plant dry weights of azalea were higher in 100% pine bark than both substrates containing chips. There was no difference in shoot dry weight for japanese holly between the three substrates. Root dry weight was higher for 75% PC:25% PB than for 100% PB, but root weight of 100% PB and 100% PC was the same. The percent air space for the PC was higher than the PB substrate but container capacity and available water was not different for the three substrates. Substrate solution electrical conductivity (EC) for PC, was lower than that of PB, possibly due to greater leaching with the more porous PC and nutrient retention by the PC. These factors could account for the cases where larger plants developed with the PB substrate. Nutrient analysis of the substrate solution indicated that there are no toxic nutrient levels associated with PC. The pH of PC is also acceptable for plant culture. As well, there was no apparent shrinkage due to decomposition during the course of this short-term experiment. Pine chips, therefore, offer potential as a container substrate for greenhouse and nursery crops.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Rate, Irrigation Frequency, and Container Type Affect Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Encore Azalea ‘Chiffon’

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongyin Li ◽  
Guihong Bi ◽  
Richard L. Harkess ◽  
Geoffrey C. Denny ◽  
Eugene K. Blythe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
N Content ◽  
Plastic Containers ◽  
Grown Plant ◽  
Container Type

One-year-old liners of Encore® azalea ‘Chiffon’ (Rhododendron sp.) were transplanted in Apr. 2013 into two types of one-gallon containers: black plastic container and paper biodegradable container. Azalea plants were fertilized with 250 mL of nitrogen (N) free fertilizer solution twice weekly plus N rate of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm from ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). All plants were irrigated with the same total volume of water through one or two irrigations daily. Plant growth and N uptake in response to N fertilization, irrigation frequency, and container type were investigated. The feasibility of biodegradable paper containers was evaluated in 1-year production of Encore® azalea ‘Chiffon’. Paper biocontainers resulted in increased plant growth index (PGI), dry weights (leaf, stem, root, and total plant dry weight), leaf area, and root growth (root length and surface area) compared with plastic containers using N rates from 10 to 20 mm. Biocontainer-grown plant had more than twice of root length and surface area as plastic container–grown plant. Leaf SPAD reading increased with increasing N rate from 0 to 20 mm. One irrigation per day resulted in greater PGI, root dry weight, root length, root surface area, and root N content than two irrigations per day. Higher tissue N concentration was found in plants grown in plastic containers compared with those grown in biocontainers when fertilized with 15 or 20 mm N. However, N content was greater for plants grown in biocontainers, resulting from greater plant dry weight. The combinations of plastic container and one irrigation per day and that of 20 mm N and one irrigation per day resulted in best flower production, 21.9 and 32.2 flowers per plant, respectively. Biocontainers resulted in superior vegetative growth of azalea plant compared with plastic containers with sufficient N supply of 10, 15, and 20 mm.

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