scholarly journals Plant Patenting: A Public Fruit Breeder's Assessment

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Public Institutions ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Fruit Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
Plant Patents ◽  
Positive Force

The strategy of plant patenting as a means to generate research funds is gaining increasing interest in fruit breeding programs in public institutions. Patenting can be a positive force in maintaining fruit breeding programs if applied to superior cultivars and supported by well-designed licensing and distribution procedures. To qualify for a plant patent, a cultivar must be distinct, new, and asexually propagated, and cannot be in public use or on sale more than 1 year prior to the application for patent. Plant patents provide protection only for the whole plant as described. In contrast, utility patents can be obtained to provide proprietary rights to individual plant genes, plant characteristics, and plant products. The possible impact of utility patents on future fruit breeding programs is discussed.

scholarly journals Underground Azelaic Acid–Conferred Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás M. Cecchini ◽  
Suruchi Roychoudhry ◽  
DeQuantarius J. Speed ◽  
Kevin Steffes ◽  
Arjun Tambe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Azelaic Acid ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Systemic Immunity ◽  
Whole Plant

Local interactions between individual plant organs and diverse microorganisms can lead to whole plant immunity via the mobilization of defense signals. One such signal is the plastid lipid-derived oxylipin azelaic acid (AZA). Arabidopsis lacking AZI1 or EARLI1, related lipid transfer family proteins, exhibit reduced AZA transport among leaves and cannot mount systemic immunity. AZA has been detected in roots as well as leaves. Therefore, the present study addresses the effects on plants of AZA application to roots. AZA but not the structurally related suberic acid inhibits root growth when directly in contact with roots. Treatment of roots with AZA also induces resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in aerial tissues. These effects of AZA on root growth and disease resistance depend, at least partially, on AZI1 and EARLI1. AZI1 in roots localizes to plastids, similar to its known location in leaves. Interestingly, kinases previously shown to modify AZI1 in vitro, MPK3 and MPK6, are also needed for AZA-induced root-growth inhibition and aboveground immunity. Finally, deuterium-labeled AZA applied to the roots does not move to aerial tissues. Thus, AZA application to roots triggers systemic immunity through an AZI1/EARLI1/MPK3/MPK6-dependent pathway and AZA effects may involve one or more additional mobile signals.

scholarly journals The Aliment to Bodily Condition knowledgebase (ABCkb): a database connecting plants and human health

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Trautman ◽  
Richard Linchangco ◽  
Rachel Walstead ◽  
Jeremy J. Jay ◽  
Cory Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Graph Database ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Link Type ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Bodily Condition

Abstract Objective Overconsumption of processed foods has led to an increase in chronic diet-related diseases such obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although diets high in fresh fruits and vegetables are linked with healthier outcomes, the specific mechanisms for these relationships are poorly understood. Experiments examining plant phytochemical production and breeding programs, or separately on the health effects of nutritional supplements have yielded results that are sparse, siloed, and difficult to integrate between the domains of human health and agriculture. To connect plant products to health outcomes through their molecular mechanism an integrated computational resource is necessary. Results We created the Aliment to Bodily Condition Knowledgebase (ABCkb) to connect plants to human health by creating a stepwise path from plant $$\rightarrow$$ → plant product $$\rightarrow$$ → human gene $$\rightarrow$$ → pathways $$\rightarrow$$ → indication. ABCkb integrates 11 curated sources as well as relationships mined from Medline abstracts by loading into a graph database which is deployed via a Docker container. This new resource, provided in a queryable container with a user-friendly interface connects plant products with human health outcomes for generating nutritive hypotheses. All scripts used are available on github (https://github.com/atrautm1/ABCkb) along with basic directions for building the knowledgebase and a browsable interface is available (https://abckb.charlotte.edu).

scholarly journals Ethnoveterinary Plants used against Horn Cancer or Broken Horn Disease among Tribals of West Nimar Madhya Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (07) ◽  
pp. 68-71
Author(s):  
Parashar Preeti and D. A. Dhale
Keyword(s):  
Central India ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
West Central ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Cow Urine ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

West Nimaris the South Western region of Madhya Pradesh state in West Central India. The region lies south of the Vindhya Ranges and consists of two portions of the Narmada and Tapti river valleys separated by a section of the Satpurarange. Bhil, Bhilala, Gond, Nayika and Tadwi are dominant tribe of the region. They are dependent on plant based medium and other for recovery of their ailment. The purpose of these studies was to gather ethnoveterinary medicinal knowledge from the area's livestock owners. Traditional healers gathered data on ethnoveterinary medicines through verbal and informal interviews, followed by a well-structured questionnaire. The majority of plants are dicotyledons, with monocotyledons accounting for a small percentage of the total. The leaves are used the most, followed by roots, rhizome, stem, gum, whole plant, and fruits. In the treatment, dermal approaches are used. In many circumstances, plant products, such as sindoor (vermillion), and cow urine, are utilised to treat horn cancer or fractured horn

scholarly journals Evaluation of plant characteristics related to grain yield of FAO410 and FAO340 hybrids using regression models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mohammad Nasir Mousavi ◽  
János Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Plant Characteristics ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract In breeding programs, estimation of increase in yield based on changes in effective plant traits is of great importance, which can be identified using regression modeling. The regression model refers to the prediction of the value of a dependent variable from the values of one or more independent variables. This study evaluated morphological traits of maize (FAO410) on six treatments of fertilizer in 2 years in Debrecen University by the regression model. This experiment was RCBD with four replications in the Látókép zone. Treatments were included in different levels of fertilizer: nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium. The regression model was significant at one percent that showed morphological traits have a straight effect on the yield of maize in FAO410 and FAO340. Grain yield had a positive correlation with plant height, outer ear diameter, the weight of ear, weight of cob, number of leaves, weight of all seeds in each ear, the weight of one thousand seeds on FAO410, and grain yield had a positive correlation with plant height, stem diameter, outer ear diameter, the weight of ear, weight of cob, number of seeds in each column, weight of all seeds in each ear, weight of the fresh plant in a hectare, the weight of one thousand seeds on FAO340 too. Cluster analysis showed the traits classification on two groups on hybrids. Reach maximum grain yield require the evaluation of yield components and their effect.

scholarly journals A genetic link between whole-plant water use efficiency and leaf carbon isotope composition in the C4 grass Setaria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Z. Ellsworth ◽  
Max J. Feldman ◽  
Ivan Baxter ◽  
Asaph B. Cousins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractIncreasing whole plant water use efficiency (yield per transpiration; WUEplant) through plant breeding can benefit the sustainability of agriculture and improve crop yield under drought. To select for WUEplant, an efficient phenotyping method that reports on the genetic contribution of component traits such as transpiration efficiency (TEi; rate of CO2 assimilation per stomatal conductance) must be developed. Leaf carbon stable isotope composition (δ13Cleaf) has been proposed as a high-throughput proxy for TEi, and a negative correlation between δ13Cleaf and both WUEplant and TEi has previously been demonstrated in several C4 grass species. Therefore, the aim of the research presented here was to determine if the same loci control δ13Cleaf, WUEplant, and TEi under well-watered and water-limited conditions in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of closely related C4 grasses Setaria viridis and S. italica. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for δ13Cleaf were co-localized with transpiration, biomass, and a linear model of WUE. When WUEplant was calculated for allele classes based on the three QTL for δ13Cleaf, δ13Cleaf was negatively correlated with WUEplant as theory predicts when WUEplant is in part driven by differences in TEi. In any population, multiple traits can influence WUEplant; however, the analysis of δ13Cleaf in this RIL population demonstrates that there is genetic control of TEi that significantly contributes to WUEplant. Furthermore, this research suggests that δ13Cleaf can be used in marker-assisted breeding to select for TEi and as a tool to better understand the physiology and genetic architecture of TEi and WUEplant in C4 species.Significance StatementOverextended water resources and drought are major agricultural problems worldwide. Therefore, selection for increased plant water use efficiency (WUEplant) in food and biofuel crop species is an important trait in plant breeding programs. Leaf carbon isotopic composition (δ13Cleaf) has potential as a rapid and effective high throughput phenotyping method for intrinsic transpiration efficiency (TEi), an important leaf-level component trait of WUEplant. Our research shows that δ13Cleaf and WUEplant share a common genetic architecture through their shared relationship with TEi. This suggests that δ13Cleaf can be used as a screen for TEi in marker-assisted plant breeding programs to improve crop drought resistance and decrease agricultural water consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluating the performance of some Primitive Wheat Triticum dicoccum Genotypes

Food Biology ◽  
1970 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Maysoun M. Saleh ◽  
Dyab S. Moussa ◽  
Nader I. Alkaraki ◽  
Abbas Lateef Abdurahman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Triticum Dicoccum ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Superior Genotypes

Seven wheat genotypes (Triticum dicoccum) and the local check sham5 variety were planted during  growing season 2010/2011under rainfed conditions using RCBD with three replications. Yield components (number of total and fertile tillers, number and weight of grains per spike, weight of thousand grain and individual plant grain yield) were studied in two sites in order to define the differences between the studied genotypes in both sites and to provide the superior genotypes for breeding programs. Results showed that the genotype PW70 was significantly superior in (grain yield, number and weight of grain per spike) comparing to check. While, the genotypes (PW96, PW119, PW123) were significantly superior in thousand grain weight comparing to check, as well as the genotype (PW81, PW127) were significantly superior in total and fertile tillers number comparing to check. Most traits were significantly superior in Al-Ghab site.

scholarly journals Characterizing allele-by-environment interactions using maize introgression lines

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Li ◽  
Sara B. Tirado ◽  
Dnyaneshwar C. Kadam ◽  
Lisa Coffey ◽  
Nathan D. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Genotype By Environment Interaction ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractRelatively small genomic introgressions containing quantitative trait loci can have significant impacts on the phenotype of an individual plant. However, the magnitude of phenotypic effects for the same introgression can vary quite substantially in different environments due to allele-by-environment interactions. To study potential patterns of allele-by-environment interactions, fifteen near-isogenic lines (NILs) with >90% B73 genetic background and multiple Mo17 introgressions were grown in 16 different environments. These environments included five geographical locations with multiple planting dates and multiple planting densities. The phenotypic impact of the introgressions was evaluated for up to 26 traits that span different growth stages in each environment to assess allele-by-environment interactions. Results from this study showed that small portions of the genome can drive significant genotype-by-environment interaction across a wide range of vegetative and reproductive traits, and the magnitude of the allele-by-environment interaction varies across traits. Some introgressed segments were more prone to genotype-by-environment interaction than others when evaluating the interaction on a whole plant basis throughout developmental time, indicating variation in phenotypic plasticity throughout the genome. Understanding the profile of allele-by-environment interaction is useful in considerations of how small introgressions of QTL or transgene containing regions might be expected to impact traits in diverse environments.Key MessageSignificant allele-by-environment interactions are observed for traits throughout development from small introgressed segments of the genome.

scholarly journals A CONCISE BOTANICAL CONSIDERATION ON VARIOUS PLANT PARTS (PRAYOJYANGA) STATED IN AYURVEDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2232-2240
Author(s):  
Mane Santosh S ◽  
Gajarmal Amit Ashok ◽  
Kamble Mayur Y
Keyword(s):  
Individual Plant ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Classical Text ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Health Care Practices ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Traditional Health Care ◽  
Cold Infusion ◽  
The Individual

The plants are the backbone of many traditional health care practices, and they are always said as best friends of human beings. In Ayurveda, The Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana has been quoted as the fundamental therapeutic preparations mostly as herbal preparations. Among them, Swarasa (Fresh juice) & Kalka (paste) are made gener- ally by fresh plant parts like leaves and tuberous roots. While dried Panchanga (whole plant) are mostly used in the preparation of Kwatha (decoction), Hima (cold infusion) and Phanta (hot infusion). The term Panchanga in- dicates Tvaka (bark), Pushpa (flower), Patra (leaves), Phala (fruit), and Mula (root). Apart from this, Saara (pith), Ksheera (latex), Niryasa (exudate/ oleoresin/gum) and Kanda (bulb) has been also cited in the Ayurveda text. With the help of modern plant science, information can be obtained for an upgraded, précised and easily un- derstanding of the individual plant part. Thus, this article provides ample information on the terminologies of plant parts in the classical text and their description in line with botanical science. Keywords: Panchanga, Ayurveda, Plant, Parts, Kashaya

scholarly journals Leaf-to-Whole Plant Spread Bioassay for Pepper and Ralstonia solanacearum Interaction Determines Inheritance of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt for Further Breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2279
Author(s):  
Ji-Su Kwon ◽  
Jae-Young Nam ◽  
Seon-In Yeom ◽  
Won-Hee Kang
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Breeding Efficiency ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Chili Peppers

Bacterial wilt (BW) disease from Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease and causes severe yield losses in chili peppers worldwide. Resistant cultivar breeding is the most effective in controlling BW. Thus, a simple and reliable evaluation method is required to assess disease severity and to investigate the inheritance of resistance for further breeding programs. Here, we developed a reliable leaf-to-whole plant spread bioassay for evaluating BW disease and then, using this, determined the inheritance of resistance to R. solanacearum in peppers. Capsicum annuum ‘MC4′ displayed a completely resistant response with fewer disease symptoms, a low level of bacterial cell growth, and significant up-regulations of defense genes in infected leaves compared to those in susceptible ‘Subicho’. We also observed the spreading of wilt symptoms from the leaves to the whole susceptible plant, which denotes the normal BW wilt symptoms, similar to the drenching method. Through this, we optimized the evaluation method of the resistance to BW. Additionally, we performed genetic analysis for resistance inheritance. The parents, F1 and 90 F2 progenies, were evaluated, and the two major complementary genes involved in the BW resistance trait were confirmed. These could provide an accurate evaluation to improve resistant pepper breeding efficiency against BW.

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