scholarly journals Flowering Phenology of Eastern Filbert Blight-resistant Hazelnut Accessions in New Jersey

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Capik ◽  
Thomas J. Molnar
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
Pollen Shed

Hazelnuts (Corylus sp.) are monoecious and wind-pollinated with reproduction limited by a sporophytic self-incompatibility system. They flower during the winter and are dichogamous with the dates of flowering ranging from December to March in New Jersey depending on the genotype, geographic location, and year. Successful, consistent nut production depends on both genetic compatibility and the appropriate timing of flowering between pollinizing and nut-producing cultivars. While the disease eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by Anisogramma anomala, has severely limited past hazelnut production in the eastern United States, resistant and tolerant genotypes are now available for testing. However, little is known of their flowering phenology in this region. In this study, the flower and budbreak phenology of 19 different EFB-resistant and EFB-tolerant hazelnut accessions was evaluated over 4 years, and the results compared with air temperature data collected during bloom. Results showed that the accessions followed a similar progression of bloom each year (both staminate and pistillate flowers), which allowed their placement into early-, mid-, and late-flowering groups. However, the date of bloom and duration of bloom, especially for pollen shed, differed each year, largely corresponding to average air temperature trends. Confirming previous reports from other cold regions, it was shown that consistently colder average temperatures delayed bloom until later in the winter, which then led to a compressed period of flowering once temperatures warmed. In contrast, relatively warm temperatures over the season led to earlier flowering as well as a significant lengthening of the duration of bloom, similar to responses reported in Mediterranean climates. Our study documents hazelnut flowering phenology under New Jersey’s variable winter climate, and the results provide a benchmark for selecting suitable pollenizers and breeding parents for future nut production, flowering research, and/or genetic improvement in this region.

scholarly journals Eastern Filbert Blight Susceptibility of American × European Hazelnut Progenies

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1412-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Molnar ◽  
John M. Capik
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Disease Phenotypes ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
Advanced Generation ◽  
Selection Of

Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by Anisogramma anomala, is a devastating disease of Corylus avellana, the European hazelnut of commerce, and is considered the primary limiting factor of production in eastern North America. Conversely, C. americana, the wild American hazelnut, is generally highly tolerant of EFB, although it lacks many horticultural attributes necessary for commercial nut production. Hybrids of C. americana and C. avellana combine the EFB resistance of the wild species with the improved nut quality of the European species. However, inheritance of EFB resistance from C. americana remains unclear with existing hybrids derived from a very limited selection of parents. To investigate this topic, C. americana and advanced-generation C. americana × C. avellana hybrids were crossed with susceptible C. avellana and the resulting seedlings exposed to EFB through field inoculations and natural disease spread. In the winter after their fifth growing season, plants were rated for the presence of EFB using an index of 0 (no disease) through 5 (all stems containing cankers). The three progeny related to C. americana ‘Rush’ segregated for resistance in a ratio of one resistant to one susceptible, suggesting the presence of a single dominant R gene. A wide array of disease responses was observed for the other progenies with some expressing little EFB resistance or tolerance and others showing a distribution of disease phenotypes typical of control by multiple genes. Overall, the results indicate that both qualitative and quantitative resistance is present in C. americana. They also suggest that the choice of C. americana parent as well as the C. avellana parent will play a significant role in obtaining useful levels of EFB resistance in hybrid offspring, although the degree of disease expression in the parents may not be a useful predictor of progeny performance. Thus, more research is needed to understand inheritance of resistance, especially in advanced-generation backcrosses to susceptible C. avellana.

scholarly journals First Report of Eastern Filbert Blight on Corylus avellana ‘Gasaway’ and ‘VR20-11’ Caused by Anisogramma anomala in New Jersey

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 1265-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Molnar ◽  
J. Capik ◽  
S. Zhao ◽  
N. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
First Report ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
The U.S

Eastern filbert blight (EFB) is a serious disease of European hazelnut, Corylus avellana L., which causes economic losses in Oregon (OR) where 99% of the U.S. crop is produced. The causal organism, Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller, is native east of the Rocky Mountains where it is found in association with C. americana Marshall. While C. americana is tolerant, EFB causes cankering, branch dieback, and death of C. avellana (3). EFB was first discovered in Washington State in the late 1960s (1). Since then, it has spread throughout the Willamette Valley of OR. In OR, ‘Gasaway’, an obsolete pollinizer, shows complete resistance to EFB, conferred by a dominant allele at a single locus (4). ‘Gasaway’ has been widely used in breeding at Oregon State University (OSU) to develop resistant cultivars that are used in most new orchards. In January 2008, cankers containing rows of dark brown elliptical stroma, characteristic of EFB, were first observed on more than 25 trees of ‘Gasaway’ growing at the Rutgers University research farms in Adelphia and North Brunswick, NJ. At that time, cankers were also found on 18 trees of ‘VR20-11’ growing on the research farms. ‘VR20-11,’ an offspring of ‘Gasaway’ that carries the same resistance gene, was released by OSU for use as a pollinizer for ‘Barcelona’, an EFB-susceptible but widely grown cultivar in OR. Additional cankers were observed on the New Jersey trees in January 2009 and 2010. To our knowledge, this is the first report of EFB on either cultivar under field conditions. The cankers are smaller than those on susceptible cultivars. Of 61 cankers on 10 trees of ‘Gasaway’, the average length was 11 cm with a range of 4 to 42 cm. Canker lengths on susceptible trees are typically 20 to 100 cm. The cankers appear otherwise alike with stromata, 2 to 4 × 2 mm, up to 2 mm high; perithecia upright, in the lower part of stroma; asci ellipsoid, 35 to 45 × 9 to 12 μm; and ascospores 8 to 11 × 4 to 5.5 μm, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, 2-celled, with the lower cell very short (1 to 1.5 μm long and wide). Genomic DNA was isolated from ascospores excised from cankers of ‘Gasaway’ and ‘VR20-11’. ITS1F and ITS2 primers were used to amplify and sequence the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1) of the rRNA genes (GenBank Accession Nos. HM565133 and HM565132). BLAST analysis of the 238-bp segments showed 99% homology with a sequence of A. anomala (EU683064). Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed that the two isolates are A. anomala. To test viability, ‘Gasaway’ cankers were excised and ascospore suspensions (1 × 106 spores ml–1) were applied to 15 trees of susceptible ‘Barcelona’ in March 2008 following the protocol of Johnson et al. (2). In December 2009, 12 of 15 inoculated trees expressed EFB. ‘Gasaway’ has shown no signs or symptoms of infection by A. anomala over several decades of exposure in OR, which is believed to have a limited diversity of the fungus due to a single-point introduction. Our findings suggest quarantine efforts must be bolstered to prevent further introductions of A. anomala into the Pacific Northwest to protect the viability of the U.S hazelnut industry. References: (1) A. D. Davison and R. M. Davidson, Jr. Plant Dis. Rep. 57:522, 1973. (2) K. B. Johnson et al. Phytopathology 84:1465, 1994. (3) K. B. Johnson and J. N. Pinkerton. Eastern filbert blight. Page 44 in: Compendium of Nut Crop Diseases in Temperate Zones. B. L. Teviotdale et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN. 2002. (4) S. A. Mehlenbacher et al. HortScience 26:410, 1991.

scholarly journals Assessment of Host (Corylus sp.) Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in New Jersey

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Capik ◽  
Thomas J. Molnar
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
State University ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
University Of Nebraska Lincoln ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
High Level

One hundred ninety clonal accessions of Corylus, including species and various interspecific hybrids of C. avellana, C. americana, C. heterophylla, C. colurna, and C. fargesii, were assessed for their response to field exposure to the eastern filbert blight (EFB) pathogen, Anisogramma anomala, in New Jersey, where the fungus is native. Plants were obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Clonal Germplasm Repository and Oregon State University, the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, and the National Arbor Day Foundation. Additional plant material was acquired from the Morris and Holden Arboreta and from private nurseries in Amherst, NY, and Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. The accessions were chosen based on their resistance to EFB in Oregon, a region where A. anomala is not native, or anecdotal reports and grower observations of tolerance or resistance to the disease. Trees were planted in the field from 2002 through 2009 in New Jersey where they were exposed to EFB yearly through field inoculations and natural spread. In Jan. 2012, they were visually evaluated for the presence of EFB. The cankers were measured, and the proportion of diseased wood was calculated for susceptible trees. Nearly all accessions reported to be resistant to EFB in Oregon maintained at least a useful level of tolerance in New Jersey with a number remaining free of cankers. However, several accessions developed small to medium-sized cankers and showed branch dieback, including offspring of C. avellana ‘Gasaway’. Most C. americana and C. heterophylla accessions remained free of EFB, although variation in EFB response was found in hybrids of these species with C. avellana, ranging from no signs or symptoms to severe EFB. Nearly half of the C. colurna × C. avellana hybrids developed cankers, whereas each of the C. fargesii accessions and most grower selections developed in eastern North America remained free of EFB. The results document the existence of a wide diversity of Corylus germplasm that expresses resistance or a high level of tolerance to EFB in New Jersey and confirms previous reports that C. americana is highly resistant to the disease. Interestingly, most C. heterophylla and the C. fargesii were also found to be resistant despite originating in Asia where A. anomala has not been found. The various interspecific hybrids show the potential for incorporating EFB resistance from wild species through breeding. The results provide further evidence of differences in disease expression in Oregon and New Jersey, where isolates differ and disease pressure may be higher.

Hazelnut Pollination

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 555d-555
Author(s):  
J.L. Olsen ◽  
S.A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
A.N. Azarenko
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Pistillate Flower ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Management Recommendations ◽  
Pollen Shed ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Pollination And Fertilization

Hazelnuts are wind-pollinated, monoecious, mostly dichogamous, and self-incompatible of the sporophytic type. About 90% of the cultivars studied are protandrous. Anthesis of the pistillate flower is temperature-dependent and occurs from December through February, with its peak in January. Stigmatic surfaces may remain receptive for up to 3 months. Four to 5 months separate pollination and fertilization of the ovule, which usually occurs between mid-May and the end of June in Oregon. A 10% pollinizer density has been the standard, with a recommended distance of <20 m between the main cultivar and the nearest pollinizer. Two or three different pollinizer varieties with different times of pollen shed are recommended. The Oregon hazelnut industry is presently combating the fungal disease, Eastern Filbert Blight, Anisogramma anomala. Part of the current management recommendations are to reduce the susceptible pollinizer varieties to a density of around 5%, and then gradually replace those left with immune or more-resistant genotypes. Recent research by S.A. Mehlenbacher refined methods of using fluorescense microscopy to quickly determine genotype compatibility. The self-incompatiblity is controlled by a single gene with multiple alleles. The biochemical, physiological, and molecular aspects of sporophytic self-incompatiblity are being research by A.N. Azarenko.

scholarly journals A Spatial Index for Identifying Opportunity Zones for Woody Cellulosic Conversion Facilities

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Huang ◽  
James H. Perdue ◽  
Timothy M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Landscape Index ◽  
Ownership Type ◽  
South Central

A challenge in the development of renewable energy is the ability to spatially assess the risk of feedstock supply to conversion facilities. Policy makers and investors need improved methods to identify the interactions associated with landscape features, socioeconomic conditions, and ownership patterns, and the influence these variables have on the geographic location of potential conversion facilities. This study estimated opportunity zones for woody cellulosic feedstocks based on landscape suitability and market competition for the resource. The study covered 13 Southern States which was a segment of a broader study that covered 33 Eastern United States which also included agricultural biomass. All spatial data were organized at the 5-digit zip code tabulation area (ZCTA). A landscape index was developed using factors such as forest land cover area, net forest growth, ownership type, population density, median family income, and farm income. A competition index was developed based on the annual growth-to-removal ratio and capacities of existing woody cellulosic conversion facilities. Combining the indices resulted in the identification of 592 ZCTAs that were considered highly desirable zones for woody cellulosic conversion facilities. These highly desirable zones were located in Central Mississippi, Northern Arkansas, South central Alabama, Southwest Georgia, Southeast Oklahoma, Southwest Kentucky, and Northwest Tennessee.

Paleoecology of Marine Foraminifera in the Pluvial Estancia Valley, Central New Mexico

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Bachhuber ◽  
W.A. McClellan
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Salinity Range ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Lake Temperature ◽  
Minimum Depth ◽  
Unusual Occurrence

Two species of marine Foraminifera have been identified in the Quaternary pluvial sequence of the Estancia Valley, central New Mexico. Besides being an unusual occurrence of marine organisms in an inland body of water remote from the marine environment, the Foraminifera yield useful paleolimnological and paleoclimatological information about two major late Wisconsin pluvial lakes. In addition, the geographic location of the Estancia Valley relative to the closest marine environment requires foraminiferal introduction by avian means. Paleontologic evidence verifies the freshwater nature of the pluvial maxima of Late Lake Estancia (18,000-10,500 BP) and Lake Willard (8500-6000 BP) but early lake conditions were considerably different. The occurrence of foraminifers Cribroelphidium selseyense and Protelphidium orbiculare, both extant species, in the sediments from the early part of each pluvial stand indicates that initial lake development was characterized by a salinity range of 25 to 35‰. At these times lake depth approximated 6 m. By comparison, the freshwater maximum of Late Lake Estancia attained a minimum depth of 90 m. The modern holarctic distribution of the Foraminifera could suggest a mean August lake temperature of 10°C during the developmental stages of Late Lake Estancia and Lake Willard. Because of the shallow-water nature of the lake basins it is likely that this temperature was reflective of mean August air temperature. Therefore, a lowering of mean August air temperature of 9.7°C from that of the present is possible.

scholarly journals Descriptions of Chestnut Cultivars for Nut Production in the Eastern and Midwestern United States

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Revord ◽  
J. Michael Nave ◽  
Ronald S. Revord ◽  
J. Michael Nave ◽  
Gregory Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Castanea Dentata ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Chinese Chestnut ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
The University ◽  
On Farm

The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) and other Castanea species (Castanea spp. Mill.) have been imported and circulated among growers and scientists in the United States for more than a century. Initially, importations of C. mollissima after 1914 were motivated by efforts to restore the American chestnut [Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.], with interests in timber-type characters and chestnut blight resistance. Chestnut for orchard nut production spun off from these early works. Starting in the early 20th century, open-pollinated seeds from seedlings of Chinese chestnut and other Castanea species were distributed widely to interested growers throughout much of the eastern United States to plant and evaluate. Germplasm curation and sharing increased quite robustly through grower networks over the 20th century and continues today. More than 100 cultivars have been named in the United States, although a smaller subset remains relevant for commercial production and breeding. The University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry curates and maintains a repository of more than 60 cultivars, and open-pollinated seed from this collection has been provided to growers since 2008. Currently, more than 1000 farms cultivate seedlings or grafted trees of the cultivars in this collection, and interest in participatory on-farm research is high. Here, we report descriptions of 57 of the collection’s cultivars as a comprehensive, readily accessible resource to support continued participatory research.

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