Modified Paddock Vacuum Reduces Labor Input for Chinese Chestnut Harvest

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-380
Author(s):  
Michele R. Warmund ◽  
Andrew K. Biggs ◽  
Larry D. Godsey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Labor Input ◽  
Inexpensive Method ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Small Producers

The time required to harvest and field sort chinese chestnuts (Castanea mollissima) with two types of paddock vacuums and with a manual nut-harvesting tool was compared. Pickup time for harvesting chinese chestnuts was faster with a small paddock vacuum (Paddock Vac) than with a manual nut-harvesting tool (Nut Wizard), but field sorting plant material and soil, as well as movement of the small vacuum, was time-consuming. With minor equipment modifications to facilitate sorting, harvest time for a larger paddock vacuum (Maxi Vac) was 2 seconds faster per nut than that for the manual nut-harvesting tool. Economic analyses revealed that the larger modified vacuum also reduced labor costs by $237 when the wage rate was low ($8 per hour) and with total production at 1000 kg. However, with the lower equipment cost, the manual nut-harvesting tool was more economical to use than the modified paddock vacuum, with $8 per hour labor costs and <6370 kg of harvested chestnuts. As labor costs and nut production increased, it was more economically efficient to use the modified paddock vacuum as compared with a manual nut-harvesting tool. At $10, $12, and $15 per hour labor, the modified pasture vacuum was the lowest cost method of harvesting chestnuts at yields >4555, 3466, and 2510 kg, respectively. Thus, the modified pasture vacuum may provide a relatively inexpensive method for new, small producers to mechanize chestnut harvest.

Assessment of destressing drilling efficiency using numerical methods: A case-study of Oktyabrsky deposit

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
M. P. Sergunin ◽  
T. P. Darbinyan ◽  
T. S. Mushtekenov ◽  
V. V. Balandin
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Labor Input ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Strength And Deformation ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Polar Division

Mineral mining in rockburst-hazardous conditions should involve various precautions in compliance with federal regulations and standards. One of the main methods to prevent rock bursts is destressing drilling. In this method, a yielding zone is artificially created. The strength and deformation characteristics in this zone differ from the same characteristics of enclosing rock mass, and redistribution of stresses takes place as a result. Efficiency of destressing drilling is estimated in terms of ore body S-2 in Komsomolsky Mine. The efficiency criterion is selected to be the safety factor of rock mass with and without destressing drilling. Low efficiency of destressing drilling means that this method is readily replaceable by the other techniques of lesser labor input, for example, by reduction in the rate of mining, or by seasoning of underground excavations for some time required for redistribution of stresses to take place. Based on the theoretical research and the conclusions drawn at NorNickel’s Polar Division, the full-scale tests are scheduled for the implementation in order to gradually abandon destessing drilling in rockburst-hazardous Talnakh and Oktyabrsky ore fields. The authors appreciate participation of V. P. Marysyuk from NorNickel’s Polar Division in this study.

ANALISIS HOME INDUSTRI PEMBUATAN KERUPUK OPAK DI DESA JAYA BAKTI KECAMATAN MADANG SUKU I KABUPATEN OKU TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Agoes Thony
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Total Production ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Family Labor ◽  
One Year ◽  
Break Even Point

The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the technique of making opak crackers in Jaya Bakti Village, Madang Suku I District, East OKU Regency, 2) determine the income and break-even point of the home industry for making opak crackers in Jaya Bakti Village, Madang Suku I District, East OKU Regency , 3) knowing the added value of the home industry for making opak crackers in Jaya Bakti Village, Madang Suku I District, East OKU Regency, 4) knowing whether the home industry for making opak crackers in Jaya Bakti Village, Madang Suku I District, East OKU Regency is profitable and feasible to develop. The results showed that: 1) the technique of making opaque crackers is quite easy, namely by grated cassava, seasoned (garlic, coriander and salt), then molded and steamed for ± 2 minutes for one steaming opaque cracker, then dried in the sun for ± 2 days, after the raw dry opaque crackers are packaged and then marketed. So, the process of making opak crackers takes ± 5 days, 2) the revenue obtained from the home industry for making opak crackers is IDR 735,000 / PP, with a production cost of IDR 501,362 / PP, with a fixed cost of IDR. 69,444, - / PP and a variable cost of 428,000, - / PP, then the income is Rp. 233,638 .- / PP or Rp. 1,401,828 .- / month, 3) the added value in making opak crackers is Rp. 333,638, - / PP obtained from revenue less intermediate costs. The intermediate cost is obtained from the total production cost, namely Rp. 501,362, - / PP minus family labor costs of Rp. 100,000, - / PP so that the total intermediate cost is Rp. 401,362, - / PP, 4) the level of profit based on the acceptance of the value is more than 1, namely the R / C Ratio of 1.47 which means that the opaque cracker home industry is profitable. Meanwhile, based on the level of profit from income the value is more than the prevailing bank interest rate, namely B / C Ratio of 0.47, which means that the home industry for making opaque crackers is non feasible. The production BEP value is Rp. 53.27, - / kg / PP, the BEP value of Rp. 559,361, - / PP, and the BEP value is Rp. Rp. 4.386, - / kg / PP, so this business can be said to be functionally feasible. In addition, the total assets invested in the home industry during the year or the ROI value resulted in a profit of 0.38%, meaning that for the home industry, opaque cracker making for one year generated a profit of 0.38%.

Vacuum steam treatment of Metrosideros polymorpha logs for eradication of Ceratocystis huliohia and C. lukuohia

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Juzwik ◽  
Marc A Hughes ◽  
Zhanghing Chen ◽  
Anna Yang ◽  
Lisa Keith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Steam Treatment ◽  
Metrosideros Polymorpha ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Phytosanitary Treatment ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Time Required

A new and devastating disease, rapid ohia death (ROD), in Hawaii led to a state quarantine that regulates inter-island transport of ohia wood and plant material to prevent spread of the causal pathogens. Heat treatments of ohia logs in commercial trade were considered for phytosanitary treatment. Vacuum steam (VS) was evaluated for its ability to eradicate the pathogens, Ceratocystis lukuohia and/or C. huliohia, in main stem logs from ROD-affected forest trees. Replicate loads of three de-barked logs (24 to 43 cm diameter; 1.7 to 2.0 m long) were VS-treated at 56° C for 30 min (5 loads) or 60° C for 60 min (4 loads) at a sapwood depth equal to 70% of log radius. Percent isolation of Ceratocystis from VS and ambient temperature logs prior to treatment and summarized by source tree ranged from 12 to 66% and 6 to 31% based on carrot baiting assays of tissue taken from outer and inner sapwood, respectively. No viable Ceratocystis was detected in either sapwood locations for the 60° C/ 60 min schedule or for the inner locations for the 56° C/ 30 min schedule following treatment. Only one subsample (0.48%, n=208) of the latter schedule treatment yielded Ceratocystis. Time required for treatment ranged from 7.4 to 15 h for the 56° C/ 30 min schedule and from 8.6 to 19.2 h for the 60° C/ 60 min schedule. These results demonstrate VS is an effective and efficient method for treating large diameter ohia logs that mill owners and regulatory plant pathologists may consider for use in Hawaii.

Weed Control Economics in Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) with Napropamide and Hand Weeding

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Thomas Lanini ◽  
Michelle Le Strange
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Time Required

Field studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Davis and Five Points, CA to evaluate weed control with napropamide and hand-weeding and the effect on yield and profitability in transplanted bell pepper. Weed cover 8 wk after transplanting averaged less than 10% in plots hand-weeded biweekly for 6 wk after transplanting. Weed cover at harvest was less than 30% in plots hand-weeded at 8 wk after transplanting. Napropamide treatment reduced weed cover at 8 wk after transplanting an average of 34% compared to untreated plots, but differences declined to 14% at harvest. Time required to hand-weed plots was greater if the interval between weeding was 4 instead of 2 wk. The time needed to hand-weed plots was reduced from 38% to 71% by napropamide treatment. When weeds were excluded by hand-weeding for the entire season, bell pepper yielded 25 810 kg/ha and was 4% to 18% higher than other treatments. Net returns were greater for plots that were hand-weeded the entire season or when napropamide was combined with hand-weeding at 4 and 8 wk after transplanting, compared to other treatments.

DEVELOPING PREDICTION EQUATIONS AND OPTIMIZING PRODUCTION OF THREE AM FUNGAL INOCULA UNDER ON-FARM CONDITIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAHAVEER P. SHARMA ◽  
ALOK ADHOLEYA
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Farm Production ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Time Required ◽  
On Farm

SUMMARYThe production potential of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), AM-1004 (Glomus intraradices), AM-1209 (mixed indigenous AMF) and AM-1207 (Mycorise, commercial inocula), were examined separately in three fractions/forms (root-based, soil-based and mixture of roots + soil) at 40, 60, 80 and 105 days in raised beds. The beds were amended with organic matter to develop regression equations for predicting optimal AM production vis-à-vis time required for particular inocula using infectious propagules (IP) as the independent variable. The IP production observed in the system was found to vary among the different inocula used. AM-1004 and AM-1207 produced significantly higher propagule counts in root or soil-based samples and a mixture of both at 105 days as compared to AM-1209. Based on two-way ANOVA, irrespective of time, AM-1004 (root/soil-based) produced a significantly larger number of propagules, whereas propagules in the crude inoculum (roots + soil) of all three inocula were not significantly different. On the other hand, irrespective of AMF, significantly more propagules (in all forms) were observed at 105 days. Similarly, irrespective of time, AM-1004 produced significantly higher root colonization (MCP, mycorrhizal colonization percentage) in all three forms (roots: 65.95%; soil: 24.32; soil + roots: 58.03%). The MCP in roots was increased significantly with time of multiplication. However, there was not much improvement in the MCP of soil or in soil + roots fractions beyond 80 days. Further, prediction of the number of IP for the three AM inocula was mathematically derived separately from the Mitscherlish-Bray equation (Y=a–b*exp (–cD). Based on the maximum yield of propagules of the three inocula observed and fitted into equations, root-based AM-1004 and AM-1209 inocula were found to be more efficient in producing propagules in 65 days as compared to AM-1207, which produced propagules in 76 days. While comparing the overall combinations, AM-1004 and AM-1209 inocula used either as roots, soil or a mixture of both and have greater potential in producing more propagules in the shortest span of time. While taking into account the predicted values of AM-1209 crude inoculum, about 12 IP g−1substrate can be achieved in 72 days. Therefore, if a farmer uses crude inocula (having zero time IP of about 0.8/g substrate) of AM 1209, a total production of about 12.12 million IP/m3can be achieved in 72 days. These can be used for on-farm production.

scholarly journals Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) Agroforestry – Its Design and Potential as a Land-use Alternative

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Garrett ◽  
J. E. Jones ◽  
W. B. Kurtz ◽  
J. P. Slusher
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Investment Returns ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Eastern Black Walnut

Integrated forestry-farming (agroforestry) management typically involves the planting of trees at a wide spacing with intercrops grown in alleys between trees. A program initiated in Missouri, USA in 1965 establishes eastern black walnut on a 40- × 10-foot spacing with row intercrops (wheat, milo, soybeans etc.) for the first 10-to-12 years followed by cover crops of cool-season forages thereafter. Specialty crops of Christmas trees, balled and burlapped landscaping species, small berry crops and vegetables are also grown during the early years of plantation establishment. Contrary to conventional management of black walnut, short, clear boles (8 to 16 feet in length) with large full crowns for nut production are developed for maximization of profits. Economic analyses show the highest investment returns associated with management practices combining nut and wood production within an agroforestry regime. Key words: Forestry-farming, agroforestry, eastern black walnut, economics

The Production Step Measure: An Ordinal Index of Labor Input in Ceramic Manufacture

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Feinman ◽  
Steadman Upham ◽  
Kent G. Lightfoot
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Ordinal Scale ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Labor Input ◽  
Ceramic Samples ◽  
Valley Of Oaxaca ◽  
Late Postclassic ◽  
Archaeological Ceramic ◽  
Ceramic Manufacture ◽  
Ordinal Index

We present the production step measure, an ordinal scale index of the labor input in ceramic manufacture. The measure is used to compare the relative labor costs of producing different kinds of pottery vessels. It is then employed in an analysis of archaeological ceramic samples from the Late Postclassic Valley of Oaxaca and the Reserve phase in the Pine Lawn Valley, New Mexico.

scholarly journals Efficacy and Costs Associated with the Manual Removal of Bagworms, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, from Leyland Cypress

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
Hans D. Lemke ◽  
Michael J. Raupp ◽  
Paula M. Shrewsbury
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Insect Growth ◽  
Manual Removal ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Bagworms (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis) are a common pest of landscape plants. The efficacy and costs were determined for the manual removal (handpicking) of bagworms from a single Leyland cypress (X Cupressocyparis leylandii) and estimated for a planting of 40 trees. Manual removal costs were compared to the estimated costs of spraying trees with the insect growth regulator tebufenozide. Handpicking the bags provided 92% control and required 160 minutes for one tree and an estimated 6,400 minutes for 40 trees. Labor costs for manual removal were estimated at $44 for one tree and $1764 for 40 trees. Estimated time required to spray a single tree was 71 minutes while 40 trees required an estimated 251 minutes. Estimated cost to spray one tree was about $28 and the cost for 40 trees was estimated to be $105. The time spent and costs of control are similar for handpicking and spraying single trees. Handpicking may be acceptable on single or small numbers of short trees that may be safely handpicked. However, as the number of trees increases, time and costs associated with handpicking increase dramatically, while costs to spray increase only slightly.

scholarly journals Analisis Perhitungan Dan Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada PT. Mutifa Medan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
John Fisher Gulo ◽  
Kamil Mustafa ◽  
Ninny Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

<p>The cost of production is needed to determine the cost of production of a product. Costs incurred to produce the product must be clear, so that the determination of the cost of production would be appropriate. Imprecision in calculating the cost of production will be misleading in making management decisions. Data collection methods used in this study include: Documentation, Interview, Observation. This study analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis comparing the theory with actual results of the company. PT MUTIFA in determining the cost of production using the full costing method. PT MUTIFA in determining the cost of production, all costs incurred are treated as production costs, both the cost of major raw materials, cost of auxiliary materials, packaging materials costs and production overhead. Classification of production costs in accordance with the theory that exists is composed of material costs, labor costs and production overhead costs. Total production cost per month of each element calculation the average monthly cost is Rp. 73.111.118,260,- and the average number of finished products Paracetamol tablet 500 mg tablet is as much 566,666.67 per month. Based on data on average production costs in 2009, then the production cost per tablet is .Rp. 129,019.</p>

scholarly journals Economic indicators of production of semi-hard and hard cheeses in small capacity dairies in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-296
Author(s):  
Dragan Milic ◽  
Danica Glavas-Trbic ◽  
Mirela Tomas-Simin ◽  
Vladislav Zekic ◽  
Tihomir Novakovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Capacity

Animal husbandry has a longstanding tradition in Serbia, and the production of milk and dairy products has a rich legacy. Cow?s milk is used in the manufacture of all kinds of dairy products. Annual global cheese production is about 20 million tons, with cattle milk cheeses produced in large-scale processing plants constituting about 80% of that production. In Serbia, leaders of milk production are small family dairy farms, which contribute 92% of total production, while dairies with large capacity dominate in milk processing. There are 211 milk processing plants of varying capacities in Serbia. The largest amounts of milk are processed by dairy plants 'Imlek' and 'Subotica', while 188 small-scale dairies process 20% of total milk. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the economic indicators of production of semi-hard and hard cheeses in small-capacity dairies in Serbia. To determine the level and structure of production costs of dairy products, the analytical calculation method of per unit processing costs has been used. The study has revealed that the cost price of semi-hard and hard cheeses in small-capacity dairies amounts to 3.33 ?/kg. With 90.83% in the structure of total costs of processing the milk into cheese, the cost of raw materials has the largest share, followed by labor costs with 6.54%. For small-capacity dairies to be able to compete with larger dairies, both in product quality and price, it is crucial to continuously monitor and minimize production costs.

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