scholarly journals Effect of Sugar-based Compounds in Enhancing the Efficacy of Insecticides against the Western Flower Thrips

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond A. Cloyd ◽  
Joshua D. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Brown Sugar ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
The Individual

It has been proposed by greenhouse producers that adding sugar to a stomach poison insecticide enhances the efficacy of the insecticide in controlling western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). As such, a series of laboratory, including no-choice and multiple-choice assays, and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine if adding sugar-based compounds to insecticides enhances efficacy against western flower thrips. The sugar-based compounds evaluated were Mountain Dew, Diet Mountain Dew, white sugar, and brown sugar at two rates [initial (0.18 mL/100 mL and 0.12 g/100 mL) and high (0.36 mL/100 mL and 0.24 g/100 mL)]. A water control was also included in all the assays. In the laboratory experiments, western flower thrips adults and nymphs were not attracted to any of the sugar-based compounds with <60 s (out of 300 s total) spent in any of the treatments, and ≤29 s (out of 300 s total) spent in the treatments when the sugar-based compounds were mixed with three insecticides (tau-fluvalinate, pyridalyl, and spinosad). In the greenhouse experiments, the addition of the high rate of Mountain Dew (0.36 mL/100 mL) and brown sugar (0.24 g/100 mL) did not enhance the efficacy (based on percent mortality) of the insecticides against western flower thrips. There was no significant difference between the individual insecticide treatments and the mixtures with either Mountain Dew or brown sugar. This study is the first to quantitatively demonstrate that western flower thrips adults and nymphs are not attracted to sugar-based compounds and that it is not warranted to add these types of materials to spray solutions targeted for control of western flower thrips.

scholarly journals Effect of Tank Mixing Pesticides in Controlling Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 767D-768
Author(s):  
Daniel Warnock* ◽  
Raymond Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
The Other ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
The Individual

Greenhouse managers tank mix pesticides to broaden the spectrum of pest control, and reduce pesticide and labor costs. However, the effect of tank mixing an assortment of pesticides on efficacy to control pests has not been documented. This study assessed how tank mixing commercially available insecticides and miticides in two-, three-, and four-way combinations impacts the control of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis in greenhouse experiments and a laboratory bioassay. The pesticides screened were spinosad, abamectin, bifenazate, azadirachtin, and imidacloprid. Each pesticide was applied at the label-recommended rate. In the greenhouse experiments, transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) flowers were inoculated with 25 adult WFT, and then flowers were sprayed with the designated treatments. After 72 hours, flowers were emasculated to assess the numbers of live and dead WFT. In the laboratory bioassay, chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) leaf disks, treated with each pesticide and all tank mixes, were exposed to 15 adult WFT. The numbers of live and dead WFT were assessed after 48 hours. For all three experiments, no antagonistic tank mixes were identified. All treatments with spinosad, including the individual application and tank mixes, resulted in high mortality of WFT based on the numbers of live and dead WFT recovered. Our data suggest that tank mixes of spinosad with the other pesticides tested do not affect the efficacy of spinosad in controlling WFT. This information is important to greenhouse managers who want to tank mix pesticides and still control WFT in addition to the other plant-feeding arthropods found in greenhouses.

scholarly journals Effect of Insecticide Drench Applications on Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Pupae in Growing Media

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 890-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinping Li ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd ◽  
Nora M. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Untreated Check

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive insect pests of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. The primary method of managing western flower thrips populations involves applications of insecticides; however, there is no information associated with the effect of the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, or the entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea, on western flower thrips pupae in growing media. Therefore, four laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of pyriproxyfen and I. fumosorosea applied as a drench to growing media on western flower thrips pupae. Expt. 1 evaluated the efficacy of pyriproxyfen and I. fumosorosea on western flower thrips pupae. Based on the results from Expt. 1, Expt. 2 assessed the effect of pyriproxyfen in two growing media (LC1 and BM1) on western flower thrips pupae. Expts. 3 and 4 determined the residual activity of pyriproxyfen in growing media on western flower thrips pupae 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after treatments were applied. The pyriproxyfen treatment resulted in a significantly lower estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards (17%) compared with the water control (59%), untreated check (88%), and two I. fumosorosea treatments (46% for 1.0 g and 41% for 2.0 g of Ancora) in Expt. 1. However, for the two growing media in Expt. 2, the estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was not significantly different between the pyriproxyfen treatment (LC1 = 15%; BM1 = 12%) and the water control (LC1 = 41%; BM1 = 24%). For either the pyriproxyfen treatment or the untreated check, there was no evidence of a significant difference between the two growing media on the estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards. Furthermore, there was no evidence of any residual activity 3 days after drench applications of pyriproxyfen. The results of the study have demonstrated that drench applications of pyriproxyfen are not affecting survival of western flower thrips pupae.

scholarly journals Effects of Spray Volume and Application Frequency on Insecticide Efficacy Against Adult Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella Occidentalis) under Greenhouse Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1708-1714
Author(s):  
Devin L. Radosevich ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd ◽  
Nathan J. Herrick
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Insecticide Efficacy ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Spray Volume

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a major insect pest of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Western flower thrips causes direct and indirect damage by feeding on plant leaves, flowers, and fruits, and by transmitting viruses that can result in greenhouse producers experiencing substantial economic losses. Consequently, insecticides are used to suppress western flower thrips populations. However, issues associated with applying insecticides may affect the suppression of western flower thrips populations. Therefore, experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the effects of the spray volume applied and application frequency on insecticide efficacy against western flower thrips adults located in transvaal daisy, Gerbera jamesonii, cut flowers. Four spray volumes (5.0, 10.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mL), two application frequencies (one or two spray applications), and three insecticides [spinosad (Conserve), chlorfenapyr (Pylon), and flonicamid (Aria)], each with a different mode of action, were tested. The insecticide treatments had the greatest effects on the mean percent mortality of western flower thrips adults regardless of spray volume or application frequency. However, in Expt. 3, the 5.0- and 10.0-mL spray volumes resulted in a higher mean percent mortality of western flower thrips adults than the 2.5-mL spray volume. Spinosad and chlorfenapyr resulted in a mean percent mortality of more than 72% for western flower thrips adults, whereas flonicamid resulted in mean percent mortality between 40% and 91%. Our study demonstrates that certain insecticides are more effective against western flower thrips adults located in transvaal daisy flowers than others, which will help greenhouse producers effectively manage western flower thrips populations.

Effect of Integrating the Entomopathogenic Fungus (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and the Rove Beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Suppressing Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Populations Under Greenhouse Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2085-2093
Author(s):  
Yinping Li ◽  
Raymond A Cloyd ◽  
Nora M Bello
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Rove Beetle

Abstract Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a destructive insect pest in greenhouse production systems. Therefore, integrating the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, with the soil-dwelling rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz), targeting different aboveground and belowground life stages may help effectively manage western flower thrips populations. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted evaluating five treatments: 1) insecticides (spinosad, pyridalyl, chlorfenapyr, and abamectin), 2) B. bassiana, 3) D. coriaria, 4) B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination, and 5) water control. The estimated mean number of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was significantly lower for the insecticide treatment (mean range: 0–46 western flower thrips adults per yellow sticky card) than the B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination (0.3–105.1 western flower thrips per yellow card) over 8 wk. There were no significant differences in the final foliar damage ratings of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam., plants among the five treatments in experiment 1, but there were significant differences in experiment 2. In experiment 2, chrysanthemum plants across all treatments were not marketable due to western flower thrips feeding damage. Therefore, using B. bassiana and D. coriaria early in production should suppress population growth by targeting both foliar-feeding and soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips simultaneously.

Effect of Pesticide Mixtures in Controlling Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Warnock ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
The Other ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum ◽  
Pesticide Mixtures ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Plant Feeding

Greenhouse managers mix together pesticides to broaden the spectrum of pest control and to reduce pesticide and labor costs. However, the efficacy of pesticide mixtures has not been well-documented. This study assesses how mixtures of commercially available insecticides and miticides in two, three, and four-way combinations affected the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, in greenhouse experiments and in a laboratory bioassay. The pesticides screened in the greenhouse experiments and laboratory bioassay were spinosad, abamectin, bifenazate, azadirachtin and imidacloprid. Each pesticide was applied at the maximum label-recommended rate. In the greenhouse experiments, transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum G. Don ex Sweet) flowers were infested with 25 adult western flower thrips (mixture of females and males). Flowers were then sprayed with the designated treatments. After 72 h, flowers were dissected to assess the numbers of live and dead western flower thrips. In the laboratory bioassay, chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) leaf sections, treated with solutions of each pesticide and all possible combinations, were exposed to 15 adult western flower thrips. The numbers of live and dead western flower thrips were assessed after 48 h. For all three experiments, we were not able to identify any antagonistic pesticide combinations. All treatments with spinosad, including the individual application and pesticide mixtures, resulted in high mortality of western flower thrips. Our data suggest that combinations of spinosad with the other pesticides tested do not affect the efficacy of spinosad in controlling western flower thrips. This information is important to greenhouse managers who wish to mix pesticides and still control western flower thrips in addition to the other plant-feeding arthropods found in greenhouses.

Effect of Pesticide Mixtures on the Survival of the Predatory Mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Lash ◽  
Daniel F. Warnock ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Predatory Mite ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Neoseiulus Cucumeris ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Pesticide Mixtures ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Flower Thrips

This study was conducted to determine the effect of 2 insecticides/miticides, spinosad and abamectin, and 2 fungicides, thiophanate-methyl and fenhexamid, when applied alone or mixed in all combinations, on the survival of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). Neoseiulus cucumeris is a predatory mite utilized in greenhouses for managing western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. The deutonymph and adult stages of N. cucumeris were directly exposed to the pesticide treatments or a water control. Overall, the deutonymphs were more susceptible to the pesticide treatments, based on percent survival 24 h after treatment, than the adults. Five of the 7 pesticide mixtures containing spinosad and 4 of the 7 mixtures containing abamectin resulted in deutonymph mortality values between 50 and 69%. Thiophanate-methyl alone and in combination with either spinosad or abamectin resulted in &gt;35% mortality of the deutonymphs. Based on the results of this study, spinosad and abamectin, when used alone or in mixture with thiophanate-methyl will reduce N. cucumeris populations by killing the deutonymphs. This information is important to greenhouse managers who want to use pesticide mixtures to manage arthropod pests and fungal pathogens without disrupting biological control programs for western flower thrips.

scholarly journals Morphological and Chemical Factors Related to Western Flower Thrips Resistance in the Ornamental Gladiolus

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1384
Author(s):  
Dinar S. C. Wahyuni ◽  
Young Hae Choi ◽  
Kirsten A. Leiss ◽  
Peter G. L. Klinkhamer
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Host Plant Resistance ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Triterpenoid Saponins ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Highly Correlated

Understanding the mechanisms involved in host plant resistance opens the way for improved resistance breeding programs by using the traits involved as markers. Pest management is a major problem in cultivation of ornamentals. Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) is an economically important ornamental in the Netherlands. Gladiolus is especially sensitive to attack by western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae)). The objective of this study was, therefore, to investigate morphological and chemical markers for resistance breeding to western flower thrips in Gladiolus varieties. We measured thrips damage of 14 Gladiolus varieties in a whole-plant thrips bioassay and related this to morphological traits with a focus on papillae density. Moreover, we studied chemical host plant resistance to using an eco-metabolomic approach comparing the 1H NMR profiles of thrips resistant and susceptible varieties representing a broad range of papillae densities. Thrips damage varied strongly among varieties: the most susceptible variety showed 130 times more damage than the most resistant one. Varieties with low thrips damage had shorter mesophylls and epidermal cells, as well as a higher density of epicuticular papillae. All three traits related to thrips damage were highly correlated with each other. We observed a number of metabolites related to resistance against thrips: two unidentified triterpenoid saponins and the amino acids alanine and threonine. All these compounds were highly correlated amongst each other as well as to the density of papillae. These correlations suggest that papillae are involved in resistance to thrips by producing and/or storing compounds causing thrips resistance. Although it is not possible to distinguish the individual effects of morphological and chemical traits statistically, our results show that papillae density is an easy marker in Gladiolus-breeding programs targeted at increased resistance to thrips.

Stability of spinosad resistance inFrankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) under laboratory conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bielza ◽  
V. Quinto ◽  
C. Grávalos ◽  
E. Fernández ◽  
J. Abellán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Stability Of Resistance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Successive Generations

AbstractThe stability of spinosad resistance in western flower thrips (WFT),Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande), populations with differing initial frequencies of resistance was studied in laboratory conditions. The stability of resistance was assessed in bimonthly residual bioassays in five populations with initial frequencies of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of resistant individuals. There were no consistent changes in susceptibility of the susceptible strain after eight months without insecticide pressure. In the resistant strain, very highly resistant to spinosad (RF50>23,000-fold), resistance was maintained up to eight months without further exposure to spinosad. In the absence of any immigration of susceptible genes into the population, resistance was stable. In the case of the population with different initial frequency of resistant thrips, spinosad resistance declined significantly two months later in the absence of selection pressure. With successive generations, these strains did not change significantly in sensitivity. Spinosad resistance inF. occidentalisdeclined significantly in the absence of selection pressure and the presence of susceptible WFT. These results suggest that spinosad resistance probably is unstable under field conditions, primarily due to the immigration of susceptible WFT. Factors influencing stability or reversion of spinosad resistance are discussed.

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