scholarly journals Production Method and Cultivar Effects on Garlic Over-wintering Survival, Bulb Quality, and Yield

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Alan Walters
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Bulb Rot ◽  
Wheat Straw Mulch

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a popular specialty vegetable sold at many local market venues. Recently, the demand for high-quality garlic has prompted grower interest in producing this crop for direct markets. A 2-year study was conducted at the Southern Illinois University Horticulture Research Center in Carbondale to evaluate eight currently recommended garlic cultivars on a silty loam soil, as well as compare garlic produced on bare soil during the winter and wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw mulch in the spring to black plastic. ‘Idaho Silverskin’ (softneck, silverskin type) and ‘Persian Star’ (hardneck, purple-stripe type) were the best cultivars of those evaluated for the lower midwestern United States based upon various yield and quality characteristics. ‘Idaho Silverskin’ and ‘Persian Star’ had 100% winter survival (regardless of production method), high bulb quality, low amounts of foliar disease, high marketable yields with low cull production (>96% of bulblets developed marketable bulbs), and low amounts of bulb rot (<7%). Black plastic provided greater winter protection for garlic (95% survival rate) compared with bare soil (85% survival rate). Greater marketable weights and bulb diameters (50% and 23% increase, respectively) resulted when garlic was grown in black plastic compared with the bare soil/wheat straw mulch treatment.

Stone cover and rain intensity - Effects on infiltration, erosion and water splash

Soil Research ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Agassi ◽  
GJ Levy
Keyword(s):  
Bare Soil ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Rain Intensity ◽  
Stone Size ◽  
Asbestos Cement ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Reduced Water

The effects of level of stone cover, stone size and rain intensity on infiltration, erosion and water splash from a silty loam soil (Calcic Haploxeralf) were studied using a laboratory rainfall simulator. Square asbestos cement plates (5 mm thick), measuring 100 and 2500 mm2, were used to simulate stones. Three levels of surface cover (0, 25 and 50% cover) and two rain intensities (21 and 45 mm h-1) were studied. An increase in the level of stone cover increased infiltration and reduced erosion. The size of the asbestos cement plates had no effect on either infiltration or erosion. An increase in rainfall intensity resulted in a moderate increase in infiltration and a significant increase in soil erosion. Water splash from bare soil (control) reached 15.9% of the applied rain, thereby signifying its importance in simulated rainfall studies. An increase in the level of stone cover reduced water splash. By mulching with small plates, a lower percentage of water splash occurred, compared with large plates and the control. Rain intensity had no effect on water splash.

The Effect of Straw Mulch on Simulated Simazine Leaching and Runoff

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linjian Jiang ◽  
Imed Dami ◽  
Hannah M. Mathers ◽  
Warren A. Dick ◽  
Doug Doohan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Effective Practice ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Wheat Straw Mulch

In the Midwestern United States, winter hilling, consisting of two tillage activities per year, is required in vinifera-grape vineyards for winter protection. However, this practice often leads to severe soil erosion and pesticide offsite movement. The effectiveness of wheat straw mulch as a replacement for soil mounding was investigated as a way of providing winter protection and to mitigate pesticide leaching and runoff. A laboratory experiment was conducted where simazine was applied to wheat straw or bare soil and then followed by simulated rainfalls. When compared with bare soil, straw reduced simazine leaching and runoff by 40 and 68%, respectively. Adsorption or interception, or both, of simazine by straw were responsible for this effect. Additionally, straw reduced soil erosion by 95% and would largely reduce simazine runoff associated with sediment displacement. The first simulated rainfall contributed 70 and 34% of total simazine runoff from bare soil and straw, respectively. In conclusion, mulching with straw during winter months to provide winter protection could be an effective practice for controlling simazine offsite movement and soil erosion in vinifera vineyards.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of wheat straw mulch and Polyacrylamide on shallow stability of roadside slopes  

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 445-449
Author(s):  
Aidin Parsakhoo ◽  
Seyed Jamal Mirniazi ◽  
Ayoob Rezaee Motlaq
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
Wheat Straw Mulch

Soil aggregate instability on unprotected roadside slopes can cause landslide, soil erosion and sedimentation. Different biological and chemical soil stabilizers are used to reinforce the instable slopes. In the present study, straw mulch and Polyacrylamide (PAM) combinations were investigated on a clay soil of road cutslope in campus of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. The selected cover treatments were Polyacrylamide (2, 3 and 4 g·m–2) with wheat straw mulch (50, 150 and 250 g·m–2) which was spread by hand to attain 75% groundcover on a 1:1 slope. After the three months, soil sampling was done to determine the changes in aggregate stability of soil. Results showed that the most efficient treatment with respect to mean weight diameter of soil aggregates in dry and wet sieving (MWDdry and MWDwet), aggregate stability index (AS) and aggregate destruction index (DI) was treatment of B (150 g·m–2 wheat straw mulch and 3 g·m–2 Polyacrylamide tackifier) with 34%, 68% and 47% increment in MWDdry, MWDwet and AS, respectively as well as 37% reduction in DI as compared to the bare soil control.<br /><br />

scholarly journals Canopy Shade and Soil Mulch Affect Yield and Solar Injury of Bell Pepper

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Warren Roberts ◽  
Jeffrey A. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Southern Oklahoma ◽  
Black Plastic

Experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1991 to compare the effectiveness of various cultural techniques in reducing solar injury (SI) and increasing yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum `California Wonder') in southern Oklahoma. Treatments included black plastic mulch, white plastic mulch, straw mulch, living rye, spunbonded polypropylene used as a plant canopy shade, and bare soil. Marketable yields from plots shaded with spunbonded polypropylene rowcovers were equal to or greater than those from other treatments each year. Two out of 3 years, plots with a black plastic soil mulch had marketable yields lower than those from other treatments. SI was reduced by rowcover shade.

scholarly journals Organic Amendment and Mulching Enhanced the Growth and Fruit Quality of Squash Plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) Grown on Silty Loam Soils

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ahmed Youssef ◽  
Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail ◽  
Esmat F. Ali ◽  
Ali Majrashi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Available N ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Wheat Straw Mulch ◽  
Soil Wheat

Adoption of suitable organic fertilizers and soil mulching are useful tools to enhance soil quality, which will inevitably lead to improved growth and yield of crops. Little is known about the soil organic amendments and Azolla (Azolla pinnata) under soil organic mulching on the growth and yield of squash plant (Cucurbita pepo L.). A comparative study mainly focused on the impacts of organic fertilizer treatments on soil fertility and squash growth under wheat straw mulch was conducted on wooden boxes filled with silty loam soil. Wheat straw, as an organic mulch, and five organic-fertilization treatments were added to the soil. Wheat straw with a size of <2 cm was added to the soil surface with a 2 cm thickness. The fertilization treatments were: control (CO), chemical fertilizer (CF), compost (CT), vermicompost (VC), and dry Azolla (DA). Wheat straw mulch had positive effects on the soil properties, growth, and yield. The maximum fruit yield was obtained from the soil fertilized with DA under wheat straw mulch, while the lowest one was found in the control without mulching. Azolla and organic fertilizers showed a remarkable superiority over the mineral fertilization in increasing the soil fertility as well as the growth and quality of squash fruits; this superiority increased under the wheat straw mulching system. The application of recommended mineral fertilization (CF), compost (CT), vermicompost (VC), and dry Azolla (DA) under wheat straw mulch increased the soil available-N by 2, 20, 12, and 29%, respectively, above the control (CO), while these organic fertilizers without mulching increased the soil available-N by 11, 32, 26, and 48%, respectively. The production of vegetable crops such as squash plants requires the addition of organic fertilizers and mulching to increase yield and quality of fruits.

scholarly journals Crop coefficients of Bt. cotton under variable moisture regimes and mulching

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-170
Author(s):  
G. V. PRAJAPATI ◽  
R. SUBBAIAH
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Biodegradable Plastic ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Crop Coefficients ◽  
Wheat Straw Mulch

An experiment was undertaken for two years (2013-14 and 2014-15) on sandy loam soils of Junagadh (21°30’ N, 70°27’ E) to determine crop coefficients of Bt. cotton under three mulch treatments (M1- silver black plastic mulch, M2- biodegradable plastic mulch, M3- wheat straw mulch and C - control) with two irrigation regimes (I1- 1.0 IW/ETc, I2-0.8 IW/ETc). Actual evapotranspiration was estimated using soil moisture sensors. Results revealed that adjusted FAO Kc predicts higher value than sensor based Kc values at both irrigation regimes. Silver black plastic mulch recorded lower crop coefficient values at all growth stage of Bt. cotton compared to biodegradable plastic mulch, wheat straw mulch and control. Sensor based Kc ini and Kc-devvalues of silver black plastic mulch observed 72.2, 29.0 and 66.9 and 14.8 per cent lower than control at 1.0 IW/ETc and 0.8 IW/ETc respectively. Overestimated adjusted FAO Kc values caused a loss of 78.1mm and 66.5mm of precious water at 1.0 IW/ETc and 0.8 IW/ETc respectively. This study admonishes blind adoption of published FAO Kc curves for mulch conditions. 

scholarly journals EFFECT OF AGE OF TRANSPLANTS, PLASTIC MULCH AND ROW COVER ON OKRA YIELD.

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 487g-487
Author(s):  
V. A. Khan ◽  
C. Stevens ◽  
J. Y. Lu ◽  
M. Kabwe ◽  
Z. Haung
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Effect Of Age

Clear (CM) and black (BM) plastic mulch and bare soil (BS) plus VisPore (V) row cover (VCM, VBM, VBS), BM, CM and BS in combination with drip irrigation were used to evaluate the growth response of these treatment combinations on 5 and 9 wks old `Clemson Spineless' okra transplants grown in sandy loam soil. Mulched treatments significantly increased the survival rate of 5 wks old transplants while VCM and VBM treatments increased significantly the number of vegetative branches of 5 wks over 9 wks old transplants. Total and marketable yield, as well as total and marketable number of pods were significantly influenced by mulched treatments rather than by the age of transplants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Plastic Reflective and Wheat Straw Mulches for Pest and Disease Control in Cucurbit Production Systems

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 750A-750
Author(s):  
Charlie G. Summers ◽  
Jeffrey P. Mitchell* ◽  
James J. Stapleton
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Virus Incidence ◽  
Wheat Straw Mulch

Trials were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in California's San Joaquin Valley to determine the efficiency of reflective plastic and wheat straw in managing silverleaf whitefly and aphid-borne virus diseases in late planted cantaloupes. In 2002, the incidence of aphid-borne viruses was lowest in plants growing over reflective plastic followed by those growing over wheat straw and then those growing over bare soil. Wheat straw mulch was as effective as reflective plastic during the early part of the growing season in reducing the incidence of virus disease, but by mid-season, the reflective plastic was superior. The incidence of virus diseases in plants growing over wheat straw was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in plants growing over bare soil throughout the season. Whitefly numbers (nymphs per cm2) and aphid numbers were significantly reduced on plants growing over both reflective mulch and wheat straw mulch compared to those growing over bare soil. Yields of all sizes of melons were significantly higher in the reflective mulch plots and yield for the straw mulched and bare soil plots were not significantly different. Results in 2003 were similar to those of 2002. Both whitefly numbers and aphid numbers were significantly lower in plants growing over both mulches than in those growing over bare soil. Virus incidence was initially low but following an aphid flight in late August, the number of infected plants increased rapidly. Both the reflective plastic and straw provided equal protection form aphid-borne viruses throughout the growing season. Yields were highest in the reflective plastic plots, followed by the straw mulch and finally the bare soil. Differences were significant (P < 0.05) among all three treatments.

Morphologic and Engineering Characteristics of East Wasit Watersheds Feeding the Al-Shewicha Trough in Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Shamkhi ◽  
Jasim Mohammed Ridha Azee ◽  
Ali A. Abdul-Sahib
Keyword(s):  
Peak Flow ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Elongation Ratio ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Coarse Texture ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
High Runoff ◽  
Group B

The Al-Shewicha Trough represents a serious flood hazard to Kut City (the capital of Wasit Province, Iraq) and to the other cities along the Tigris River downstream Kut Barrage, especially in heavy monsoon years. In this study, The Geographic Information System software ArcGIS was used in the morphologic analysis of six river basins that represent the main feeding sources for the Al-Shewicha Trough. The results revealed that the high values for the greatest length of Basins 1, 5, and 6 meant that these watersheds had high concentration time (tc) values, which delay peak flow. All basins consisted of very coarse and permeable subsurface strata that were of coarse texture. Circularity ratio form factor and elongation ratio suggested an elongated shape for all basins with lower peak flow and long duration. Analyses of soil data demonstrated that the soil type that covered a large area was loam soil (classified as hydrologic soil group B), which indicates that all basins had low permeability and high runoff. The predominant land use was bare soil, and all basins had a covering of poor vegetation, which highlighted the fact that basins were highly susceptible to erosion, thus resulting in the generation of higher sedimentation.

Hydrodynamic Dispersion Coefficient of Urea in Silty Loam Soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
RAM PAL ◽  
H C SHARMA ◽  
M IMTIYAZ
Keyword(s):  
Transport Phenomenon ◽  
Porous Medium ◽  
Contaminant Transport ◽  
Dispersion Coefficient ◽  
Hydrodynamic Dispersion ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Loam Soil

The modern theme of agriculture is not only to increase production but also to minimize undesirable environmental effects. Leaching of surface-applied fertilizer is the major source of groundwater pollution. Nitrogenous fertilizers are the most popular among the Indian farmers, which on leaching reach the groundwater in different forms (NH4-N, NO3-N, etc). NO3-N leaches faster than other types, remains in-reactive in groundwater, moves with the velocity of groundwater and contaminates it. Contamination arises when NO3-N accumulates in groundwater and consumed in high amount by humans and animals, may result in adverse health effects. For the study of contaminant transport phenomenon in porous medium, a general convection dispersion equation is used, in which dispersion coefficient is one of the primary parameters necessary to be determined for a particular soil. Keeping it in view a study was conducted to assess different available techniques to determine the dispersion coefficient with the help of soil columns having silty loam soil as soil medium. The value of the dispersion coefficient obtained for silty loam soil, by this method was equal to 0.00576 m2.

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