scholarly journals Field Research and Development of Plant Growth Regulators by the Agrochemical Industry

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70
Author(s):  
Craig A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
New Compounds

This paper describes the field research and development (FRD) process followed by agrochemical companies when developing a new plant growth regulator (PGR). Specific approaches used by Valent BioSciences Corporation in developing EcoLyst, a newly registered PGR for use on orange (Citrus sinensis) in the United States, are cited as examples of this process. Agrochemical companies acquire some new PGR compounds from outside sources, while others are discovered internally. Internal development of new compounds is simpler to control and manage. When a new PGR is identified from an outside source, a company must first determine if the compound is available for licensing or outright purchase. If so, they assemble a team of internal experts to review all available data (due diligence) to determine if it has sufficient value to warrant pursuit. Once a PGR passes the initial screening processes and is approved for acquisition and potential development, negotiations begin with the owner of the compound. Many projects stop abruptly when the negotiating companies fail to reach an agreement. Immediately after an agrochemical company successfully acquires a new PGR, a well-coordinated chain of events is initiated throughout the company's organization to accelerate work on the project. One component of this involves the FRD team, which creates a comprehensive field research plan for the PGR containing clearly defined development goals that are global in scope. The FRD team works throughout the world, near important crop production areas, conducting research with the company's products. Members of the FRD team generally report to a research leader located at the company's main headquarters. The FRD team is one part of a larger development team, that works collectively to find and develop promising new compounds and new uses for existing company products. If initial research results from a new compound are favorable, the objectives of the workplan increase significantly after the first year. University and government researchers are generally brought into the research programs after a year or two of in-house testing. Early stage work is often done under a secrecy agreement in order to protect proprietary information and interests. Specific control points are identified in the development process, where decisions are made to continue or not, based on reviews of research data, business plans, and regulatory progress.

scholarly journals 689 Field Research and Development of Plant Growth Regulators by the Agrochemical Industry

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 517E-518
Author(s):  
Craig A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Sales And Marketing ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
A Company

The purpose of this presentation is to describe the general Field R&D process undertaken by Abbott Laboratories and other agrochemical companies when developing a new plant growth regulator (PGR). A recently registered PGR for citrus named `EcoLyst' is used throughout the presentation as an example of common development strategies. Agrochemical companies acquire many new PGR compounds from outside sources, while others are discovered internally. Internal technology is obviously much simpler to control. In Abbott's case, most of the new PGR compounds are brought in from other places as a result of focused efforts to find new technology for development. Researchers, sales and marketing personnel, and full-time acquisition specialists all share the responsibility for finding new prospect PGRs. After a new PGR is identified, a company like Abbott must first determine if the lead is potentially available, and then, if it has sufficient value to warrant acquisition or in-licensing efforts. Once a PGR passes an initial screening process and is approved for potential development, a coordinated chain of events is initiated throughout the company's organization to accelerate work on the project. Field R&D creates a comprehensive research plan for the PGR that contains development goals. The scope of the research program increases significantly after the first research year, provided results are favorable. University and government scientists are generally brought into the research programs after a year or two of in-house testing. At predetermined control points in the development process, go/no go decisions are made based on reviews of research data, business plans, and regulatory progress.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF PLANT ONTOGENESIS CONDITIONS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF THEIR CULTIVATION IN A CLOSED ECOSYSTEM – SYNERGOTRON

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
V.V. Latushkin ◽  
◽  
V.N. Zelenkov ◽  
A.A. Lapin ◽  
Р.А. Vernik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Experimental Modeling ◽  
Digital Device ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Conducting Research

The use of various closed agrobiotechnological systems (ecosystems) in crop production and agricultural biotechnology is of considerable scientific and practical interest for solving both fundamental (photosynthesis and plant variability) and applied (search for growth regulators and development of biotechnologies) issues in conducting research. The paper presents the results of biological and technological tests in a series of experiments on modeling the influence of plant growth parameters and various technologies for growing salad crops using a prototype of a software-digital device of a closed agrobiotechnological system of the synergotron class of the ISR 1.01 model

Policy coherence for development and migration: Analyzing US and EU policies through the lens of normative transformation

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harlan Koff
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Migration Policies ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Transformative Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Policy Coherence For Development ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Global Affairs

The European Union’s (EU) 2015–2016 “migration/asylum crisis” gave discussions over the relationships between migration, security and development renewed prominence in global affairs. In response to record migratory flows, the EU, like the United States (US), has implemented security responses to migration aimed at protecting territorial integrity. This article addresses the migration–security–development nexus through the lens of policy coherence for development (PCD). It compares EU and US migration policies within the framework of the “transformative development” associated with the Sustainable Development Goals. It contends that these donors have undermined transformative development through the regionalization of development aid, which has contributed to the securitization of both development and migration policies. Thus, the article contends that new mechanisms for change need to be identified. It introduces the notion of “normative coherence” and proposes a potential role for regional human rights courts in fostering migration-related PCD.Spanish abstract: La “crisis migratoria” de la Unión Europea (UE) del 2015–2016 arrojó discusiones sobre las relaciones entre migración, seguridad y desarrollo renovando su prominencia en los asuntos globales. La UE, como los Estados Unidos de América (EE.UU), ha implementado respuestas de seguridad a la migración dirigidas a proteger la integridad territorial. Este artículo se dirige al nexo entre migración, seguridad y desarrollo a través de la lente de la coherencia de políticas públicas para el desarrollo (CPD). Compara las políticas migratorias de UE y EE.UU dentro del marco del “desarrollo transformativo” asociado con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. Sostiene que estos donantes han socavado el desarrollo transformativo mediante la regionalización de la ayuda al desarrollo, el cual ha contribuido a incorporar aspectos de seguridad. Así, el artículo sostiene que se requiere identificar nuevos mecanismos para el cambio. Se introduce la noción de “coherencia normativa” y propone el rol potencial de cortes regionales de derechos humanos para promover CPD relacionadas a la migración.French abstract: La crise migratoire 2015-2016 de l’Union Européenne (UE) a replacé les discussions en matière de migration, de sécurité et de développement dans une perspective globale renouvelée. En réponse aux flux sans précédent, l’UE tout comme les Etats-Unis (EU) ont développé des réponses sécuritaires, destinées à protéger leur intégrité territoriale. Cet article évoque la connexion entre la migration, la sécurité et le développement à travers l’optique de la cohérence des politiques publiques pour le développement (CPD). Il compare les politiques migratoires de l’UE et des EU à partir du cadre du « développement transformateur » associé aux ODD. Il révèle que ces donateurs ont saboté le développement transformateur à travers la régionalisation de l’aide au développement, ce qui a contribué à octroyer un impératif sécuritaire. Ainsi, l’article soutient que de nouveaux mécanismes doivent être identifiés. Il introduit la « cohérence normative » et propose un rôle potentiel pour les Cours régionales des droits humaines dans la perspective de promouvoir la CPD en matière de migration.

Case Studies, Trade War Impacts Between USA And China : The Decline Of Cotton Carded Yarn 32/1 Selling Volume To China On Dan Liris Incorporation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-91
Author(s):  
Riza Indah Pramesti A.Md ◽  
Avina Utari A.Md
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Sales Volume ◽  
Employee Welfare ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
New Strategies

This study aims to describe the prospect of the trend of export sales volume of 32/1 cotton carded yarn in PT Dan Liris. In 2018, the volume of exports of 32/1 cotton carded yarn to China dropped dramatically to zero orders. In addition, research on the decline in the sales volume of exports of 32/1 cotton carded yarn to China aims to find out deeply the flow of the company's external factors, namely trade war which caused a decline in the volume of export sales to China at PT Dan Liris. The method used in this study is a mixed method by providing an overview of the problems that occur in the PT Dan Liris company. The analytical tool in this study is the trend analysis technique by giving an overview of the trend in volume and the prospect of possible future export volumes of yarn products. The results of the analysis of the data obtained are the volume of export sales of PT Dan Liris yarn to China that are upside down or unstable. This study also succeeded in revealing that the existence of external factors in the trade war that occurred between the United States and China was very detrimental to the company in terms of income and continuity of production. Based on the results of the analysis of the data, the authors then conducted a SWOT analysis matrix as the company's alternative. The author suggests 12 new strategies that can be done by PT Dan Liris such as PT Dan Liris can take action by utilizing promotional services either online or offline, conducting research and analyzing the development of buyer countries related to economic issues on a regular basis, as well as the likely impact on the company. A survey of customer satisfaction and attention to employee welfare is also very important to maintain the integrity of the company. Keywords: Sales Volume, Trade War, Company Integrity.

A History of Geothermal Energy Research and Development in the United States. Reservoir Engineering 1976-2006

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mack Kennedy ◽  
Karsten Pruess ◽  
Marcelo J. Lippmann ◽  
Ernest L. Majer ◽  
Peter E. Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reservoir Engineering ◽  
Energy Research ◽  
History Of

Research and Development Goals for CO2 Capture Technology

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Matuszewski ◽  
Jared Ciferno ◽  
John J. Marano ◽  
Shiaoguo (Scott) Chen
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Development Goals

THE INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP: THE UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE AND ITS AUDIT REPORT REVIEW PROCESS

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onker N. Basu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organizational Leaders ◽  
Audit Report ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Accounting Office ◽  
Audit Team ◽  
The Impact

In accounting research, the role of organizational leaders has been underrepresented. The limited research dealing with leadership issues has focused on the impact of leadership on micro activities such as performance evaluation, budget satisfaction, and audit team performance. The impact of leadership on the structure of accounting and audit systems and organizations has been ignored. This paper focuses on the impact that past Comptrollers General have had on the working and structure of one federal audit agency, the United States General Accounting Office (GAO). In addition, it also focuses on the influence of the two most recent Comptrollers General on one important audit related activity, i.e., the audit report review process. Using qualitative field research methods, this paper documents how the organizational leadership impacts its long-term audit practices and thereby influences auditing, especially in the public sector.

A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Nix ◽  
David E. Nix
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Alternative Treatment ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Accounting Rules

This study reviews the literature and the practice of accounting for research and development (R&D) costs from the first reference in 1917 to the current treatment. The conceptual treatment of R&D is compared to current financial accounting rules and explanation of the evolution of the current rules is presented. The economic and social consequences of the current rules which require R&D costs to be expressed are examined. The paper explores possible alternative treatment of R&D costs. As a contrast to U.S. practice, the accounting treatment of R&D costs in other countries is discussed. Given the findings of this paper, a strong case can be made for changing the way that R&D costs are accounted for in the United States.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document