Same same but different : a comprehensive functional analysis of SRSF3 and SRSF7 in the regulation of alternative polyadenylation within the 3’ untranslated region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Oliver Daniel Schwich

Das klassische zentrale Dogma der Biologie beschreibt die Synthese funktionaler Proteine basierend auf den Informationen, die in der DNA kodiert sind. In einem notwendigen Zwischenschritt wird zunächst die entsprechende DNA-Sequenz in ein messenger-RNA (mRNA) Molekül abgeschrieben (transkribiert), bevor diese RNA-Sequenz durch Ribosomen in das finale Protein übersetzt (translatiert) werden kann. In Eukaryoten sind die Transkription und Translation durch eine Kompartimentierung der Zelle in den Zellkern und das Zytosol örtlich und zeitlich voneinander getrennt. Diese Trennung ermöglicht eine eingehende Qualitätskontrolle der gereiften mRNA im Zellkern, bevor diese durch einen aktiven Prozess in das Zytoplasma exportiert wird. In Eukaryoten liegen die Informationen für die Proteine fragmentiert vor. Kodierende Sequenzen (Exons) werden unterbrochen von nicht-kodierenden Abschnitten (Introns), welche zunächst beide abgeschrieben werden und die prä-mRNA bilden. Diese initiale RNA-Sequenz muss im Anschluss prozessiert werden, um die Introns zu entfernen und die Exons miteinander zu legieren (Spleißen). Die entstehende neue prä-mRNA wird sofort an ihrem 5‘-Ende methyliert, um sie vor dem Verdau durch 5’-Exonukleasen zu schützen (5‘Capping). Abschließend wird die Transkription terminiert, und um das 3‘-Ende ebenfalls vor einem möglichen Abbau zu schützen, erhalten die Transkripte einen so genannten poly(A)-Schwanz, eine Sequenz aus Adenosinen, die nicht in der DNA-Matrize vorgegeben sind (Polyadenylierung). Diese Prozesse werden durch verschiedene Multi-Protein-RNA-Komplexe im Zusammenspiel mit spezifischen RNA-bindenden Proteinen (RBPs) katalysiert. Das Spleißen wird vom Spliceosom durchgeführt, welches mittels zweier aufeinanderfolgender Umesterungen das Intron zwischen zwei Exons entfernt und die Exons miteinander ligiert. Hierbei können auch ein oder mehrere Exons übersprungen werden. Dieses alternative Spleißen (AS) ermöglicht die Expression alternativer Protein-Isoformen aus demselben Gen. Zusätzlich können durch AS aber auch alternative, toxische Exons in die reife mRNA integriert werden, welche die Stabilität des Transkripts negativ beeinflussen und somit eine Möglichkeit zur Regulation der Proteinexpression bieten. Die Assemblierung des Spliceosoms an der prä-mRNA wird durch die Präsenz von RNA-bindenden Spleiß-Aktivatoren oder -Inhibitoren beeinflusst. Eine bekannte Familie von Spleiß-Aktivatoren ist die der Serin/Arginin-reichen Proteine (SR-Proteine). Diese binden spezifische Sequenzen in Exons und fördern die Assemblierung des Spliceosoms an den jeweiligen Spleißstellen und somit die Inklusion der gebundenen Exons. Dem entgegen wirken Inhibitoren, wie die Proteine aus der hnRNP-Familie, die vorzugsweise in Introns binden. Die Transkription einer neuen prä-mRNA wird durch eine hydrolytische Spaltung in der 3‘-untranslatierten Region (UTR) beendet und das neu entstandene 3‘-Ende dieser prä-mRNA wird durch die neue Synthese eines poly(A)-Schwanzes vor der vorzeitigen Degradation geschützt. Diese zusammenhängenden Prozesse werden von vier Multi-Protein-Komplexen (CFIm, CFIIm, CPSF und CsTF) und der Poly(A)-Polymerase (PAP) katalysiert. Die Adenosin-reiche Sequenz wird durch die Bindung des Poly(A)-bindenden Proteins (PABPN1) stabilisiert wodurch die Aktivität von PAP weiter stimuliert wird. Wie Spleißen ist auch die endonukleolytische Spaltung und Polyadenylierung sequenzspezifisch und abhängig von RBPs, die diese Sequenzen erkennen. Das zentrale Erkennungsmotiv ist das Hexamer ‚AAUAAA‘ sowie bestimmte Varianten dieses Motivs. Dieses so genannte Poly(A)-Signal wird durch die spezifischen Untereinheiten WDR33 und CPSF30 des CPSF-Komplexes erkannt. Die Assemblierung der gesamten Polyadenylierungsmaschinerie wird unterstützt durch den CFIm-Komplex, der UGUA-Motive oberhalb des Poly(A)-Signals bindet sowie durch den CsTF-Komplex, der U/GU-reiche Sequenzen unterhalb des Poly(A)-Signals bindet. Analog zum Spleißen ist auch die Polyadenylierung in den meisten eukaryotischen Genen (bei humanen/murinen Zellen in bis zu 70% der Gene) an mehreren Positionen möglich (alternative Polyadenylierung, APA). Abhängig von der Position der alternativen Polyadenylierungsstellen entstehen dadurch entweder Transkripte mit alternativen terminalen Exons, falls diese Stelle in einem Intron liegt (CDS-APA), oder Transkripte mit unterschiedlich langen 3’UTRs aber identischer kodierender Sequenz, wenn die alternativen Poly(A)-Signale in der 3’UTR liegen (3’UTR-APA). In Abhängigkeit von der Entfernung zum vorherigen STOP-Codon wird die erste Polyadenylierungsstelle (PAS) als ‚proximal‘ (pPAS) und die am weitesten entfernte als ‚distal‘ (dPAS) betitelt. Die Länge der 3’UTR hat Auswirkungen auf die Stabilität, Exporteffizienz, subzelluläre Lokalisation, Translationsrate und lokale Translation der entsprechenden mRNA-Isoform. Einzelne Polyadenylierungsfaktoren wurden mit der Expression bestimmter APA-Isoformen in Verbindung gebracht. Die Reduktion von CFIm führte zur vermehrten Expression von Transkripten mit verkürzten 3‘UTRs, wohingegen verringerte Expressionen von CsTF-Komponenten und von FIP1 (Untereinheit des CPSF-Komplexes) die Expression von Transkripten mit langen 3’UTRs förderte. Bisher sind die Komponenten und Funktionen der einzelnen Polyadenylierungsfaktoren umfassend erforscht, dennoch ist die Regulation der alternativen Polyadenylierung – die Entscheidung, ob die proximale oder distale PAS benutzt wird – weniger entschlüsselt und benötigt zusätzliche Studien. ...

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 2569-2575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf José-Carlos Hellwinkel ◽  
Paul-Martin Holterhus ◽  
Dagmar Struve ◽  
Christine Marschke ◽  
Nicole Homburg ◽  
...  

In a patient with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), we identified a single inherited presumably silent nucleotide variation (AGC -> AGT) in exon 8 (codon 888) of the AR gene. However, in the patient’s genital skin fibroblasts, a considerably shortened transcript of 5.5 kb (normal: 10.5 kb) was detected, which misses a part of exon 8 and a prominent portion of the 3′-untranslated region. The translation product includes eight missense amino acids from codon 886 onward followed by a premature stop codon. As shown by in vitro expression analysis, the mutant protein lacks any residual function. However, reverse transcribed PCRs and sequence data indicate the existence of two additional splicing variants of 6.4 kb and 7.8-kb length both in patient and normal control genital skin fibroblasts. These splicing variants comprise the complete coding region but a shortened 3′-untranslated region. Thus, a distinct alternative pre-messegner RNA-processing event leading to two additional transcripts occurs generally in genital skin fibroblasts. In addition, this process partially prevents aberrant splicing in the patient and produces a small fraction of normal, functionally intact AR-protein that could explain the partial masculinization in this patient. This first report of an exonic splicing mutation in the AR-gene indicates a physiologic relevance of the regular AR-messenger RNA variants with shortened 3′-untranslated regions and their functional translation products in human genital development.


Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-351
Author(s):  
Carol J Williams ◽  
Kevin O'Hare

Abstract The suppressor of forked [su(f)] locus affects the phenotype of mutations caused by transposable element insertions at unlinked loci. It encodes a putative 84-kD protein with homology to two proteins involved in mRNA 3′ end processing; the product of the yeast RNA14 gene and the 77-kD subunit of human cleavage stimulation factor. Three su(f) mRNAs are produced by alternative polyadenylation. The 2. 6 and 2.9-kb mRNAs encode the same 84-kD protein while a 1.3-kb RNA, which terminates within the fourth intron, is unusual in having no stop codon. Using P-element-mediated gene replacement we have copied sequences from a transformation construct into the su(f) gene creating a su(f) allele at the normal genomic location that lacks the first five introns. This allele is viable and appears wild type for su(f) function, demonstrating that the 1.3-kb RNA and the sequences contained within the deleted introns are dispensable for su(f) function. Compared with studies on gene replacement at the white locus, chromosomal breaks at su(f) appear to be less efficiently repaired from ectopic sites, perhaps because of the location of su(f) at the euchromatin/heterochromatin boundary on the X chromosome.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanggang Ren ◽  
Na Zhang ◽  
Lan Zhang ◽  
Eric Miller ◽  
Jeffrey J. Pu

AbstractPolyadenylation of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) specific sites and termination of their downstream transcriptions are signaled by unique sequence motif structures such as AAUAAA and its auxiliary elements. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is an important post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism that processes RNA products depending on its 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) specific sequence signal. APA processing can generate several mRNA isoforms from a single gene, which may have different biological functions on their target gene. As a result, cellular genomic stability, proliferation capability, and transformation feasibility could all be affected. Furthermore, APA modulation regulates disease initiation and progression. APA status could potentially act as a biomarker for disease diagnosis, severity stratification, and prognosis forecast. While the advance of modern throughout technologies, such as next generation-sequencing (NGS) and single-cell sequencing techniques, have enriched our knowledge about APA, much of APA biological process is unknown and pending for further investigation. Herein, we review the current knowledge on APA and how its regulatory complex factors (CFI/IIm, CPSF, CSTF, and RBPs) work together to determine RNA splicing location, cell cycle velocity, microRNA processing, and oncogenesis regulation. We also discuss various APA experiment strategies and the future direction of APA research.


Blood ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 2501-2505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Margaglione ◽  
Rosa Santacroce ◽  
Donatella Colaizzo ◽  
Davide Seripa ◽  
Gennaro Vecchione ◽  
...  

Abstract Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a hemorrhagic diathesis of variable severity. Although more than 100 families with this disorder have been described, genetic defects have been characterized in few cases. An investigation of a young propositus, offspring of a consanguineous marriage, with undetectable levels of functional and quantitative fibrinogen, was conducted. Sequence analysis of the fibrinogen genes showed a homozygous G-to-A mutation at the fifth nucleotide (nt 2395) of the third intervening sequence (IVS) of the γ-chain gene. Her first-degree relatives, who had approximately half the normal fibrinogen values and showed concordance between functional and immunologic levels, were heterozygtes. The G-to-A change predicts the disappearance of a donor splice site. After transfection with a construct, containing either the wild-type or the mutated sequence, cells with the mutant construct showed an aberrant messenger RNA (mRNA), consistent with skipping of exon 3, but not the expected mRNA. Sequencing of the abnormal mRNA showed the complete absence of exon 3. Skipping of exon 3 predicts the deletion of amino acid sequence from residue 16 to residue 75 and shifting of reading frame at amino acid 76 with a premature stop codon within exon 4 at position 77. Thus, the truncated γ-chain gene product would not interact with other chains to form the mature fibrinogen molecule. The current findings show that mutations within highly conserved IVS regions of fibrinogen genes could affect the efficiency of normal splicing, giving rise to congenital afibrinogenemia.


2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1104-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma Lucena-Silva ◽  
Veridiana Sales Barbosa de Souza ◽  
Renan Garcia Gomes ◽  
Alex Fantinatti ◽  
Yara Costa Netto Muniz ◽  
...  

Objective.HLA-G has well recognized tolerogenic properties in physiological and nonphysiological conditions. The 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of theHLA-Ggene has at least 3 polymorphic sites (14-bpINS/DEL, +3142C/G, and +3196C/G) described as associated with posttranscriptional influence on messenger RNA production; however, only the 14-bpINS/DEL and +3142C/G sites have been studied in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods.We investigated theHLA-G3′UTR polymorphic sites (14-bpINS/DEL, +3003C/T, +3010C/G, +3027A/C, +3035C/T, +3142C/G, +3187A/G, and +3196C/G) in 190 Brazilian patients with SLE and 282 healthy individuals in allele, genotype, and haplotype analyses. A multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the association of the disease features with theHLA-G3′UTR haplotypes.Results.Increased frequencies were observed of the 14-bpINS (p = 0.053), +3010C (p = 0.008), +3142G (p = 0.006), and +3187A (p = 0.013) alleles, and increased frequencies of the 14-bpINS-INS (p = 0.094), +3010 C-C (p = 0.033), +3142 G-G (p = 0.021), and +3187 A-A (p = 0.035) genotypes. After Bonferroni correction, only the +3142G (p = 0.05) and +3010C (p = 0.06) alleles were overrepresented in SLE patients. The UTR-1 haplotype (14-bpDEL/+3003T/+3010G/+3027C/+3035C/+3142C/+3187G/+3196C) was underrepresented in SLE (pcorr= 0.035).Conclusion.These results indicate thatHLA-G3′UTR polymorphic sites, particularly +3142G and +3010C alleles, were associated with SLE susceptibility, whereas UTR-1 was associated with protection against development of SLE.


2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Liu ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Guifeng Sun ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Ji Ma ◽  
...  

Abstract Background N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification has been implicated in many biological processes. It is important for the regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) stability, splicing, and translation. However, its role in cancer has not been studied in detail. Here we investigated the biological role and underlying mechanism of m6A modification in hepatoblastoma (HB). Methods We used Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting to determine the expression of m6A related factors. And we clarified the effects of these factors on HB cells using cell proliferation assay, colony formation, apoptotic assay. Then we investigated of methyltransferase-like 13 (METTL3) and its correlation with clinicopathological features and used xenograft experiment to check METTL3 effect in vivo. m6A-Seq was used to profiled m6A transcriptome-wide in hepatoblastoma tumor tissue and normal tissue. Finally, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) assay, RNA remaining assay to perform the regulator mechanism of MEETL3 on the target CTNNB1 in HB. Results In this research, we discovered that m6A modifications are increased in hepatoblastoma, and METTL3 is the main factor involved with aberrant m6A modification. We also profiled m6A across the whole transcriptome in hepatoblastoma tumor tissues and normal tissues. Our findings suggest that m6A is highly expressed in hepatoblastoma tumors. Also, m6A is enriched not only around the stop codon, but also around the coding sequence (CDS) region. Gene ontology analysis indicates that m6A mRNA methylation contributes significantly to regulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Reduced m6A methylation can lead to a decrease in expression and stability of the CTNNB1. Conclusion Overall our findings suggest enhanced m6A mRNA methylation as an oncogenic mechanism in hepatoblastoma, METTL3 is significantly up-regulated in HB and promotes HB development. And identify CTNNB1 as a regulator of METTL3 guided m6A modification in HB.


2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-394
Author(s):  
Marina Tusup ◽  
Lars E. French ◽  
Mara De Matos ◽  
David Gatfield ◽  
Thomas Kundig ◽  
...  

The use of in vitro transcribed messenger RNA (ivt mRNA) for vaccination, gene therapy and cell reprograming has become increasingly popular in research and medicine. This method can be used in vitro (transfected in cells) or administered naked or formulated (lipoplexes, polyplexes, and lipopolyplexes that deliver the RNA to specific organs, such as immune structures, the lung or liver) and is designed to be an immunostimulatory or immunosilent agent. This vector contains several functional regions (Cap, 5' untranslated region, open reading frame, 3' untranslated region and poly-A tail) that can all be optimised to generate a highly efficacious ivt mRNA. In this study, we review these aspects and report on the effect of the ivt mRNA purification method on the functionality of this synthetic transient genetic vector.


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