The Impact of Sea Spray on Air-Sea Fluxes in Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Models

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar L. Andreas
Keyword(s):  
Sea Spray ◽  
Ocean Models ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Gaseous chemistry and aerosol mechanism developments for version 3.5.1 of the online regional model, WRF-Chem

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 2557-2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Archer-Nicholls ◽  
D. Lowe ◽  
S. Utembe ◽  
J. Allan ◽  
R. A. Zaveri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phase Chemical

Abstract. We have made a number of developments to the Weather, Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), with the aim of improving model prediction of trace atmospheric gas-phase chemical and aerosol composition, and of interactions between air quality and weather. A reduced form of the Common Reactive Intermediates gas-phase chemical mechanism (CRIv2-R5) has been added, using the Kinetic Pre-Processor (KPP) interface, to enable more explicit simulation of VOC degradation. N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry has been added to the existing sectional MOSAIC aerosol module, and coupled to both the CRIv2-R5 and existing CBM-Z gas-phase schemes. Modifications have also been made to the sea-spray aerosol emission representation, allowing the inclusion of primary organic material in sea-spray aerosol. We have worked on the European domain, with a particular focus on making the model suitable for the study of nighttime chemistry and oxidation by the nitrate radical in the UK atmosphere. Driven by appropriate emissions, wind fields and chemical boundary conditions, implementation of the different developments are illustrated, using a modified version of WRF-Chem 3.4.1, in order to demonstrate the impact that these changes have in the Northwest European domain. These developments are publicly available in WRF-Chem from version 3.5.1 onwards.

scholarly journals The Influence of Air–Sea Roughness, Sea Spray, and Storm Translation Speed on Waves in North Atlantic Storms

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqing Zhang ◽  
William Perrie
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Wave Drag ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Wave Spectra ◽  
Translation Speed ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
Directional Wave ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A coupled atmosphere–wave–sea spray model system is used to evaluate the impact of sea spray and wave drag on storm-generated waves, their height variations, and directional wave spectra in relation to the storm location and translation speed. Results suggest that the decrease or increase of significant wave height due to spray and wave drag is most significant in high-wind regions to the right of the storm track. These processes are modulations on the maximum-wave region and tend to occur several hours after the peak wind events, depending on the storm translation velocity. The translation speed of the storm is important. The directional variation between local winds and wind-generated waves within rapidly moving storms that outrun the waves is notably different from that of trapped waves, when the dominant waves’ group velocity approximates the storm translation speed. While wave drag and spray can increase or reduce the magnitudes of wind and significant wave height, their nondirectional formulations allow them to have little apparent effect on the directional wave spectra.

Sea spray icing: The physical process, and review of prediction models and winterization techniques

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Sujay Deshpande ◽  
Ane Sæterdal ◽  
Per-Arne Sundsbø
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Ice Accretion ◽  
Sea Wind ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Ice accretion on marine vessels and offshore structures is a severe hazard in the Polar Regions. There is increasing activities related to oil and gas exploration, tourism, cargo transport, and fishing in the Arctic. Ice accretion can cause vessel instability, excess load on marine structures and represents a safety risk for outdoor working environment and operations. Freezing sea spray is the main contributor to marine icing. For safe operations in cold climate, it is essential to have verified models for prediction of icing. Sea spray icing forecast models have improved. Empirical and theoretical models providing icing rates based may be useful as guidelines. For predicting the distribution of icing on a surface at the design stage, Computational Fluid Dynamics has to be applied along with a freezing module. State-of-the-art models for numerical simulation of sea spray icing are still not fully capable of modelling complex ship-sea-wind interactions with spray generation and impact of shipped water. Existing models include good understanding of spray flow effects and freezing. Further development should focus on developing models for dynamic ship-sea-wind interactions, in particular including spray generation, effects of shipped water and distribution of icing on the vessel surface. More experimental and full-scale data is needed for development and verification of new and improved models. Models that estimate ice distribution may improve the winterization design process and reduce effort required for de-icing. Improved methods for de-icing and anti-icing will reduce the impact of sea spray icing and increase safety for marine operations in cold waters.

Anoxic metabolism after the 21st century in oxygen minimum zones

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Koeve ◽  
Angela Landolfi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Sulphate Reduction ◽  
Oxygen Minimum Zones ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ocean Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oxygen Minimum

<p>Global models project a decrease of marine oxygen over the course of the 21th century. The future of marine oxygen becomes increasingly uncertain further into the future after yr 2100 , partly because ocean models differ in the way organic matter remineralisation continues under oxygen- and nitrate-free conditions. Using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity we found that under a business-as-usual CO2-emission scenario ocean deoxygenation further intensifies for several centuries until eventually ocean circulation re-establishes and marine oxygen increases again. (Oschlies et al. 2019, DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-10813-w).</p><p>In the Pacific Ocean the deoxygenation after yr 2100 goes along with the large scale loss of nitrate from oxygen minimum zones. Here we explore the impact on simulated ocean biogeochemistry of three different process formulation of anoxic metabolism, which have been used in other ocean models: (1) implicit sulphate reduction (organic matter degradation continues without oxidant), (2) no sulphidic metabolism (organic matter is not degraded under anoxic conditions), and (3) explicit sulphate reduction (with H2S as explicit model tracer). The model with explicit sulfphate reduction supports larger regional organic matter fluxed into the deep ocean and an increase in respired carbon storage, compared with the model applying implicit sulphate. We discuss the impact of anoxic metabolism on the coupling between export production and respired carbon stored in the ocean interior.</p>

scholarly journals Microphysical Structure of the Marine Boundary Layer under Strong Wind and Spray Formation as Seen from Simulations Using a 2D Explicit Microphysical Model. Part I: The Impact of Large Eddies

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2366-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Shpund ◽  
M. Pinsky ◽  
A. Khain
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Marine Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Large Eddies

Abstract The effects of large eddies (LE) on the marine boundary layer (MBL) microphysics and thermodynamics is investigated using a 2D Lagrangian model with spectral bin microphysics including effects of sea spray. The 600 m × 400 m MBL computational area is covered by 3750 adjacent interacting Lagrangian parcels moving in a turbulent-like flow. A turbulent-like velocity field is designed as a sum of a high number of harmonics with random time-dependent amplitudes and different wavelengths including large eddies with scales of several hundred meters. The model explicitly calculates diffusion growth/evaporation, collisions, and sedimentation of droplets forming both as sea spray droplets and background aerosols, as well as aerosol masses within droplets. The turbulent mixing between parcels is explicitly taken into account. Sea spray generation is determined by a source function depending on the background wind speed assumed in the simulations to be equal to 20 m s−1. The results of simulations obtained by taking into account the effects of LE are compared to those obtained under the assumption that the vertical transport of droplets and passive scalars is caused by small-scale turbulent diffusion. Small-scale turbulence diffusion taken alone leads to an unrealistic MBL structure. Nonlocal mixing of the MBL caused by LE leads to the formation of a well-mixed MBL with a vertical structure close to the observed one. LE lead to an increase in the sensible and latent heat surface fluxes by 50%–100% and transport a significant amount of large spray droplets upward. Microphysical processes lead to formation of spray-induced drizzling clouds with cloud base near the 200-m level.

scholarly journals The Impact of Divalent Cations on the Enrichment of Soluble Saccharides in Primary Sea Spray Aerosol

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Schill ◽  
Susannah Burrows ◽  
Elias Hasenecz ◽  
Elizabeth Stone ◽  
Timothy Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cation ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Co Adsorption ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Volume Fractions ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Spray Aerosol ◽  
The Impact

Field measurements have shown that sub-micrometer sea spray aerosol (SSA) is significantly enriched in organic material, of which a large fraction has been attributed to soluble saccharides. Existing mechanistic models of SSA production struggle to replicate the observed enhancement of soluble organic material. Here, we assess the role for divalent cation mediated co-adsorption of charged surfactants and saccharides in the enrichment of soluble organic material in SSA. Using measurements of particle supersaturated hygroscopicity, we calculate organic volume fractions for molecular mimics of SSA generated from a Marine Aerosol Reference Tank. Large enhancements in SSA organic volume fractions (Xorg > 0.2) were observed for 50 nm dry diameter (dp) particles in experiments where cooperative ionic interactions were favorable (e.g., palmitic acid, Mg2+, and glucuronic acid) at seawater total organic carbon concentrations (<1.15 mM C) and ocean pH. Significantly smaller SSA organic volume fractions (Xorg < 1.5 × 10−3) were derived from direct measurements of soluble saccharide concentrations in collected SSA with dry diameters <250 nm, suggesting that organic enrichment is strongly size dependent. The results presented here indicate that divalent cation mediated co-adsorption of soluble organics to insoluble surfactants at the ocean surface may contribute to the enrichment of soluble saccharides in SSA. The extent to which this mechanism explains the observed enhancement of saccharides in nascent SSA depends strongly on the concentration, speciation, and charge of surfactants and saccharides in the sea surface microlayer.

scholarly journals The impact of waves and sea spray on modelling storm track and development

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 27967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lichuan Wu ◽  
Anna Rutgersson ◽  
Erik Sahlée ◽  
Xiaoli Guo Larsén
Keyword(s):  
Storm Track ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
The Impact
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