Automatic Response to Intrusion

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Schnackenberg ◽  
Harley Holliday ◽  
Travis Reid ◽  
Kelly Bunn ◽  
Dan Sterne
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Response

scholarly journals Automaticity and Reestablishment of Executive Control—An fMRI Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1331-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Kübler ◽  
Veronica Dixon ◽  
Hugh Garavan
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Automatic Behavior ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

The ability to exert control over automatic behavior is of particular importance as it allows us to interrupt our behavior when the automatic response is no longer adequate or even dangerous. However, despite the literature that exists on the effects of practice on brain activation, little is known about the neuroanatomy involved in reestablishing executive control over previously automatized behavior. We present a visual search task that enabled participants to automatize according to defined criteria within about 3 hr of practice and then required them to reassert control without changing the stimulus set. We found widespread cortical activation early in practice. Activation in all frontal areas and in the inferior parietal lobule decreased significantly with practice. Only selected prefrontal (Brodmann's areas [BAs] 9/46/8) and parietal areas (BAs 39/40) were specifically reactivated when executive control was required, underlining the crucial role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in executive control to guide our behavior.

Development of an automatic response mode to improve the clinical utility of sequential risk-taking tasks.

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Pleskac ◽  
Thomas S. Wallsten ◽  
Paula Wang ◽  
C. W. Lejuez
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Response Mode ◽  
Automatic Response

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Angela Dalle Vacche
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Irrational Belief ◽  
Film Theory ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Rational Animal ◽  
Automatic Response

Bazin’s work explores a key question: What is a human, in contrast to an animal, a plant, an object or a machine? A human is simultaneously a rational animal and an irrational being. Human irrationality can lead to cruelty and madness unless it becomes creativity through art, or it turns into spirituality through irrational belief. Well aware that a human being can reduce the Other to an animal or an object, Bazin’s anti-anthropocentric ethos upholds empathy and coexistence. At the same time, Bazin approves of the anthropomorphic nature of human perception. For him, anthropomorphism is an automatic response that taps into the unavoidable contiguity of humans, animals, and things. Notorious for his dislike of Soviet montage, Bazin’s essays on children’s fairy tales, animal documentaries, and Robert Montgomery’s Lady in The Lake (1947) prove that, in his film theory, editing is as important as camera movement in filmmaking.

scholarly journals Alcohol Hangover Slightly Impairs Response Selection but not Response Inhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Opitz ◽  
Jan Hubert ◽  
Christian Beste ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Stock
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks ◽  
Alcohol Hangover

Alcohol hangover commonly occurs after an episode of heavy drinking. It has previously been demonstrated that acute high-dose alcohol intoxication reduces cognitive control, while automatic processes remain comparatively unaffected. However, it has remained unclear whether alcohol hangover, as a consequence of binge drinking, modulates the interplay between cognitive control and automaticity in a comparable way. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of alcohol hangover on controlled versus automatic response selection and inhibition. N = 34 healthy young men completed a Simon Nogo task, once sober and once hungover. Hangover symptoms were experimentally induced by a standardized administration of alcoholic drinks (with high congener content) on the night before the hangover appointment. We found no significant hangover effects, which suggests that alcohol hangover did not produce the same functional deficits as an acute high-dose intoxication. Yet still, add-on Bayesian analyses revealed that hangover slightly impaired response selection, but not response inhibition. This pattern of effects cannot be explained with the current knowledge on how ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may modulate response selection and inhibition via the dopaminergic or GABAergic system.

scholarly journals Ship-Collision Avoidance Decision-Making Learning of Unmanned Surface Vehicles with Automatic Identification System Data Based on Encoder—Decoder Automatic-Response Neural Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
Miao Gao ◽  
Guo-You Shi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Ship Collision

Intelligent unmanned surface vehicle (USV) collision avoidance is a complex inference problem based on current navigation status. This requires simultaneous processing of the input sequences and generation of the response sequences. The automatic identification system (AIS) encounter data mainly include the time-series data of two AIS sets, which exhibit a one-to-one mapping relation. Herein, an encoder–decoder automatic-response neural network is designed and implemented based on the sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) structure to simultaneously process the two AIS encounter trajectory sequences. Furthermore, this model is combined with the bidirectional long short-term memory recurrent neural networks (Bi-LSTM RNN) to obtain a network framework for processing the time-series data to obtain ship-collision avoidance decisions based on big data. The encoder–decoder neural networks were trained based on the AIS data obtained in 2018 from Zhoushan Port to achieve ship collision avoidance decision-making learning. The results indicated that the encoder–decoder neural networks can be used to effectively formulate the sequence of the collision avoidance decision of the USV. Thus, this study significantly contributes to the increased efficiency and safety of maritime transportation. The proposed method can potentially be applied to the USV technology and intelligent collision-avoidance systems.

On the time-course of automatic response activation in the Simon task

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Ellinghaus ◽  
Matthias Karlbauer ◽  
Karin M. Bausenhart ◽  
Rolf Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Response Activation

Influence of instruction, prediction, and afferent sensory information on the postural organization of step initiation

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1619-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Burleigh ◽  
F. Horak
Keyword(s):  
Anticipatory Postural Adjustments ◽  
Postural Response ◽  
Postural Adjustments ◽  
Automatic Postural Response ◽  
Step Initiation ◽  
Postural Responses ◽  
Automatic Response ◽  
Perturbation Velocity ◽  
Velocity Information ◽  
Automatic Postural Responses

1. Our previous study showed that two distinct postural modifications occurred when subjects were instructed to step, rather than maintain stance, in response to a backward surface translation: 1) the automatic postural responses to the surfaces perturbation were reduced in magnitude and 2) the anticipatory postural adjustments promoting foot-off were shortened in duration. This study investigates the extent to which task instruction, prediction of perturbation velocity, and afferent sensory information related to perturbation velocity are responsible for these postural modification. 2. Eleven human subjects were instructed in advance, to either maintain stance or step forward in response to a backward surface translation. Four different velocities of translation were used to perturb equilibrium. To assess the influence of predicted versus actual velocity information, the surface translations were presented in both a blocked order of increasing perturbation velocity (predictable) and a random order (unpredictable). Lower-extremity electromyographs (EMGs), ground reaction forces, and movement kinematics were quantified for both the automatic postural responses to perturbation and the anticipatory postural adjustments for step initiation. 3. The instruction to step was not solely responsible for the suppression of the automatic postural response. Prediction of perturbation velocity was required for significant suppression of the early automatic postural response when subjects stepped in response to the perturbation. When compared with the stance condition, the magnitude of the initial 50 ms of the automatic response in bilateral soleus and the left limb gastrocnemius (initial stance limb) was significantly reduced only when the perturbation velocities were presented in a blocked order. The magnitude of the automatic response was not reduced in the gastrocnemius of the right limb, which was always the initial swing limb and recruited for heel-off in the step conditions. This asymmetrical reduction of the gastrocnemius suggests that modification of the response was specific to the instruction, rather than a general decrease in the extensor muscle excitability. 4. The suppression of the early automatic postural response involved a change in the bias of the response. Despite the reduced magnitude during the predictable velocity step condition, the slope (i.e., gain) of the response with increasing velocities was not different from that of the stance condition. Thus the excitability of the automatic response was reduced by a relatively constant amount for each velocity when the perturbation velocity was predictable. 5. In contrast to the importance of velocity prediction for modification of the automatic postural response, actual velocity information was used for modification of the anticipatory postural adjustments when step was initiated in response to the surface perturbation. Regardless of whether the perturbation velocities were presented in a blocked or random order, the anticipatory postural adjustments were rapidly initiated and the duration of the postural adjustments for step initiation was shortened as the velocity of perturbation increased. 6. We conclude that the CNS uses prediction of perturbation velocity to modify the excitability of early automatic postural responses when the postural goal changes. In contrast, actual afferent velocity information can be used to modify the duration of the anticipatory postural adjustments for a voluntary step in response to perturbation. Thus the CNS utilizes feed-forward prediction to modify peripherally triggered postural responses, and utilizes immediate afferent information to modify the centrally initiated postural adjustments associated with voluntary movement.

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