Network Centric Warfare: Operational Application in the Land Dimension of Conflict

Abstract The targeting protocols applied by forces during armed conflict are some of the most secretive documents held by any military. However, their role in applying principles of international humanitarian law (IHL) means that they are key to understanding their development. This piece is primarily concerned with practical and operational application of the precautionary principle under IHL; how much knowledge is sufficient to carry out an attack lawfully during modern armed conflict. In order to establish if a standard has developed with the increase in intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance technology, this piece uses the framework of an investigation into an incident in Kunduz, Afghanistan in 2009. I explore the difficulties of obtaining information post-incident, the differential standards expected by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Bundesgerichtshof (German Federal Court of Justice), and the manner in which these can be evaluated through the principles of proportionality, distinction and precautions in attack. The piece looks at the interrelated issues raised by the Rules of Engagement and Tactical Directives, as well as the problems surrounding the clarity of intelligence available. I argue that this case is demonstrative of the failings inherent in the application and practical use of the precautionary principle outlined by IHL. The lack of transparency afforded in, and after, incidents of this nature prevents objective analysis and so the development of IHL can be obfuscated. I conclude that the lack of information following incidents of this kind confuses any intelligence standard that exists under IHL.

Download Full-text

Numerical air quality forecasting over eastern China: An operational application of WRF-Chem

Atmospheric Environment ◽

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.01.020 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 153 ◽

pp. 94-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Guangqiang Zhou ◽

Jianming Xu ◽

Ying Xie ◽

Luyu Chang ◽

Wei Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Eastern China ◽

Operational Application ◽

Air Quality Forecasting

Download Full-text

The relevance of the Fundamental Principles to operations: learning from Lebanon

International Review of the Red Cross ◽

10.1017/s1816383114000228 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 95 (890) ◽

pp. 287-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sorcha O'Callaghan ◽

Leslie Leach

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Public Service ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Red Cross ◽

National Society ◽

Operational Application ◽

Humanitarian Crises ◽

Security Incidents ◽

Do So

AbstractMany aid agencies and commentators suggest that humanitarian principles are of little value to the humanitarian crises of today. However, through profiling the experience of the Lebanese Red Cross, this article highlights the enduring value and impact of the application of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Fundamental Principles as effective operational tools for acceptance, access and safety. Having suffered a series of security incidents during the civil war and subsequent disturbances and tensions, this National Society deliberately sought to increase its acceptance amongst different groups. One of the approaches used was the systematic operational application of the Fundamental Principles. Today, the Lebanese Red Cross is the only public service and Lebanese humanitarian actor with access throughout the country. This article seeks to address the relative absence of attention to how humanitarian organisations apply humanitarian principles in practice – and their responsibility and accountability to do so – by describing the systematic approach of the Lebanese Red Cross.

Download Full-text

Optimization of Nowcast Software WDSS-II for operational application over the Indian region

Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics ◽

10.1007/s00703-014-0315-7 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 124 (3-4) ◽

pp. 143-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Soma Sen Roy ◽

Subhendu Brata Saha ◽

S. K. Roy Bhowmik ◽

P. K. Kundu

Keyword(s):

Indian Region ◽

Operational Application

Download Full-text

A method for shock train leading edge detection based on differential pressure

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part G Journal of Aerospace Engineering ◽

10.1177/0954410016673669 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 231 (1) ◽

pp. 61-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

B Xiong ◽

Z-G Wang ◽

X-Q Fan ◽

Y Wang

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Edge Detection ◽

Detection Method ◽

Pressure Ratio ◽

Leading Edge ◽

Differential Pressure ◽

Shock Train ◽

Pressure Method ◽

Operational Application ◽

Deviation Method

In order to make the shock train leading edge detection method more possible for operational application, a new detection method based on differential pressure signals is introduced in this paper. Firstly, three previous detection methods, including the pressure ratio method, the pressure increase method, and the standard deviation method, have been examined whether they are also applicable for shock train moving at different speeds. Accordingly, three experimental cases of back-pressure changing at different rates were conducted in this paper. The results show that the pressure ratio and the pressure increase method both have acceptable detection accuracy for shock train moving rapidly and slowly, and the standard deviation method is not applicable for rapid shock train movement due to its running time window. Considering the operational application, the differential pressure method is raised and tested in this paper. This detection method has sufficient temporal resolution for rapidly and slowly shock train moving, and can make a real-time detection. In the end, the improvements brought by the differential pressure method have been discussed.

Download Full-text

Operational application of NOAA-AVHRR data for mapping lake surface temperatures in an alpine environment: feasibilty and validation

10.1117/12.511091 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

David C. Oesch ◽

Adrian B. Hauser ◽

Stefan Wunderle

Keyword(s):

Lake Surface ◽

Alpine Environment ◽

Noaa Avhrr ◽

Surface Temperatures ◽

Operational Application ◽

Avhrr Data

Download Full-text

Operational Application of Sensors

Machine Intelligence ◽

10.1007/978-3-662-12402-4_5 ◽

1984 ◽

pp. 139-222

Author(s):

Alan Gomersall

Keyword(s):

Operational Application

Download Full-text

Mission Performance Model

Mission Adaptive Display Technologies and Operational Decision Making in Aviation ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-8673-1.ch004 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 51-78

Keyword(s):

Attitude Control ◽

Large Scale ◽

Training System ◽

Performance Model ◽

Performance Models ◽

Application Performance ◽

Mission Success ◽

Operational Application ◽

Flight Deck ◽

Effective Design

Mission Performance Models (MPM) are important to the design of modern digital avionic systems because the flight deck information is no longer obvious. In large-scale dynamic systems, necessary responses to the incoming information model should be a direct correspondence. A Mission Performance Model is an abstract representation of the activity clusters necessary to achieve mission success. The three core activity clusters are trajectory management, energy management, and attitude control and will be covered in detail. Their combined performance characteristics highlight the vehicle's kinematic attributes, which then anticipates unstable conditions. Six MPM are necessary for the effective design and employment of a modern mission-ready flight deck. We describe MPM and their structure, purpose, and operational application. Performance models have many important uses including training system definition and design, avionic system design, and safety programs.

Download Full-text