Future Operational and Environmental Concerns Impacting the Army Transformation

Personal concerns about climate change and the environment are a powerful motivator of sustainable behavior. People’s level of concern varies as a function of a variety of social and individual factors. Using data from 58,748 participants from a nationally representative German sample, we tested preregistered hypotheses about factors that impact concerns about the environment over time. We found that environmental concerns increased modestly from 2009-2017 in the German population. However, individuals in middle adulthood tended to be more concerned and showed more consistent increases in concern over time than younger or older people. Consistent with previous research, Big Five personality traits were correlated with environmental concerns. We present novel evidence that increases in concern were related to increases in the personality traits neuroticism and openness to experience. Indeed, changes in openness explained roughly 50% of the variance in changes in environmental concerns. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the individual level factors associated with changes in environmental concerns over time, towards the promotion of more sustainable behavior at the individual level.

Download Full-text

A Review of Wet Etch Formulas for Silicon Semiconductor Failure Analysis

ISTFA 1996: Conference Proceedings from the 22nd International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1996p0319 ◽

1996 ◽

Author(s):

T.W. Lee

Keyword(s):

Failure Analysis ◽

Literature Search ◽

Wet Etching ◽

Second Step ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Acid System ◽

Graphical Data ◽

Selective Etch ◽

Chromium Compounds ◽

Wet Etch

Abstract WET ETCHING is an important part of the failure analysis of semiconductor devices. Analysis requires etches for the removal, delineation by decoration or differential etching, and study of defects in layers of various materials. Each lab usually has a collection of favored etch recipes. Some of these etches are available premixed from the fab chemical supply. Some of these etches may be unique, or even proprietary, to your company. Additionally, the lab etch recipe list will usually contain a variety of classical "named etches". These recipes, such as Dash Etch, have persisted over time. Although well-reported in the literature, lab lists may not accurately represent these recipes, or contain complete and accurate instructions for their use. Time seems to have erased the understanding of the purpose of additives such as iodine, in some of these formulas. To identify the best etches and techniques for a failure analysis operations, a targeted literature review of articles and patents was undertaken. It was a surprise to find that much of the work was quite old, and originally done with germanium. Later some of these etches were modified for silicon. Much of this work is still applicable today. Two main etch types were found. One is concerned with the thinning and chemical polishing of silicon. The other type is concerned with identifying defects in silicon. Many of the named etches were found to consist of variations in a specific acid system. The acid system has been well characterized with ternary diagrams and 3-D surfaces. The named etches were plotted on this diagram. The original formulas and applications of the named etches were traced to assure accuracy, so that the results claimed by the original authors, may be reproduced in today's lab. The purpose of this paper is to share the condensed information obtained during this literature search. Graphical data has been corrected for modem dimensions. Selectivities have been located and discussed. The contents of more than 25 named etches were spreadsheeted. It was concluded that the best approach to delineation is a two-step etch, using uncomplicated and well-characterized standard formulas. The first step uses a decoration or differential etch technique to define the junctions. Formulations for effective decoration etches were found to be surprisingly simple. The second step uses a selective etch to define the various interconnections and dielectric layers. Chromium compounds can be completely eliminated from these formulas, to meet environmental concerns. This work, originally consisting of 30 pages with 106 references, has been condensed to conform with the formatting requirements of this publication.

Download Full-text

The Historiography of Environmental History

10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0009 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

J. R. McNeill

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Environmental History ◽

Industrial Pollution ◽

Full Scale ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Relationship

This chapter discusses the emergence of environmental history, which developed in the context of the environmental concerns that began in the 1960s with worries about local industrial pollution, but which has since evolved into a full-scale global crisis of climate change. Environmental history is ‘the history of the relationship between human societies and the rest of nature’. It includes three chief areas of inquiry: the study of material environmental history, political and policy-related environmental history, and a form of environmental history which concerns what humans have thought, believed, written, and more rarely, painted, sculpted, sung, or danced that deals with the relationship between society and nature. Since 1980, environmental history has come to flourish in many corners of the world, and scholars everywhere have found models, approaches, and perspectives rather different from those developed for the US context.

Download Full-text

Integrated Pest Management — How to do It?

Outlook on Agriculture ◽

10.1177/003072709602500206 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 107-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Reuben Ausher

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Modern Agriculture ◽

The World ◽

Synthetic Pesticides ◽

Control Failures ◽

Intensive Control

Protection of crop and ornamental plants from noxious organisms — insects, nematodes, mites, pathogens and weeds — is indispensable to modern agriculture. Despite intensive control efforts, about 50% of the world's crops are lost to these organisms, at an estimated annual cost of about 400 billion dollars. Ever since the advent of synthetic pesticides in the 1940s, modern crop protection has been largely based on chemical control. Pesticide expenditures are about 20% of total farming input costs, although this figure varies substantially according to crop and region. Mounting environmental concerns and pest control failures have made It increasingly clear that the use of toxic pesticides In agriculture should be drastically reduced all over the world.

Download Full-text

Typical Challenges of Governance for Sustainable Regional Development in Globalized Latin America: A Multidimensional Literature Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12072702 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2702

Author(s):

Alejandro Balanzo ◽

Leonardo Garavito ◽

Héctor Rojas ◽

Lenka Sobotova ◽

Oscar Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Latin America ◽

Literature Review ◽

Regional Development ◽

Environmental Conservation ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Regional Sustainability ◽

Governance Challenges ◽

Sustainable Regional Development ◽

Do So

The paper aims to identify and analyze what types of governance challenges for sustainable regional development in the context of globalization are more frequently found in scholarship regarding Latin America. In order to do so, we carried out a systematic review of scholarly works discussing regional sustainability issues across the region. Analytically, it provides a heuristic multidimensional framework for organizing and typifying the most frequent sustainable regional development governance challenges under study, offering a nuanced and interrelated account of economic, environmental, political, and socio-spatial scientific discussions. According to our findings, scholarship on Latin America shows a bricolage-like scenery where political atomization linked to economic factionalism and fragmentation stand out as frequently analyzed situations. Another frequent topic relates to discussions about political endeavors linked to environmental concerns, connecting incidence strategies with collective environmental conservation approaches.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of an Eco-Friendly Bloom Thinning Formulation on Mango Trees and Its Olfactory Effect on an Insect Pollinator, Apis mellifera

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7040062 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 62

Author(s):

Tae-Kwon Son ◽

Md Munir Mostafiz ◽

Hwal-Su Hwang ◽

Nguyen Truong Thạnh ◽

Kyeong-Yeoll Lee

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Honey Bees ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Olfactory Behavior ◽

Insect Pollinator

In various orchard fruit trees, thinning of blossoms and fruits is important to increase fruit size and quality and to promote a new bloom in the following season. Several chemical thinning agents are currently commercially available, but they are inconsistent and produce side effects in crop plants and insect pollinators. Because of environmental concerns, developing alternative eco-friendly bloom thinning agents is necessary. We developed an eco-friendly bloom thinning formulation (BTF) using minerals and extracts of various medicinal plants. Our BTF spray (0.1%, <i>w/v</i>) decreased the number of fruits per tree (46.5%) and fruit yield per tree (81.5%) but increased the fruit weight (196.8%) compared with the control treatment; the spray induced a small number of larger mango fruits in the treated trees. We also investigated the effect of BTF on the olfactory behavior of <i>Apis mellifera</i> L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae), a major insect pollinator. We analyzed the behavioral changes of adult workers at two different concentrations (0.1% and 1%) of nine different BTF spray components using a Y-tube olfactometer. The behavioral responses of honey bees to nine BTF components showed significant differences. However, honey bees showed no clear attraction or repellent behavior towards the tested BTF components. Our results suggest that the newly developed eco-friendly BTF is practically applicable in mango orchards without interrupting honey bee behavior.

Download Full-text