NATO's Dual Challenge at the Start of the 21st Century - European Security and Defense Policy and NATO Enlargement

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Joachim Fischer
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Defense Policy ◽  
European Security ◽  
Nato Enlargement

scholarly journals A general description of threats to european security at the threshold of the 21st century

2020 ◽  
pp. 148-152
Author(s):  
O.B. Smalii
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
General Description ◽  
European Security ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Security Organizations ◽  
Over Time

Over time, the issue of security has not lost its relevance, but on the contrary gained momentum because of the large-scale threats that have arisen and evolve. In today's world, there are threats that are beyond the control of a particular country and, for the sake of security, begin to pool their forces and resources. The author reveals the particularities of threats to European collective security in the 21st century. The article identifies threats based on doctrinal approaches. The threat is a set of factors and conditions that could potentially pose a danger to the state in the future. The author examines approaches to the classification of threats to collective security and their characteristics, as well as the author's classification of threats according to their relevance and time of occurrence. According to scientific approaches, the threats to European collective security are divided into: economic, military, information, environmental and other nature; direct and indirect; potential and immediate; external and internal. The author proposed his own classification of threats, according to which they are divided into: new threats, again relevant and classic. The author shows the threats influence on the formation of the European collective security system and how they affect its current changes. It is noted that contemporary external threats were emerging at the turn of the late 1980s – early 1990s, and some of them continue to be shaped and strengthened today. Given the current challenges that pose a threat to collective security, a number of specific actions need to be taken to improve the performance of collective security organizations in order to more effectively address contemporary threats. The author proposes ways to improve the activity of modern collective security systems in order to avoid the emergence and development of large-scale threats to collective security in the 21st century.

The Western European Union (WEU)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime H. A. Larivé
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Defense Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Security ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Eu

This empirical and historical analysis of the Western European Union (WEU), an intergovernmental defense organization, contributes to the broader understanding of the construction and integration of European security and defense policy. The WEU was established in 1954 by the Modified Brussels Treaty after the failure of the European Defense Community and at the time of the construction of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Over its lifetime, the WEU was confronted by two major trends: the centrality of collective defense agreement providing security on the European continent enforced by NATO and the construction of a European security and defense policy within the broad integration process of the European Union (EU). The WEU provided a platform for Western European powers, particularly France, the United Kingdom, and Germany, to engage in the construction of a European defense. Historically, these countries had diverging visions ranging from an autonomous force to one that should remain under the NATO auspice. The end of the Cold War accelerated the transfer of the WEU mission to the EU, but the crises in the Gulf region and in the Balkans in 1990s led to a period of activity for the WEU. The institutionalization of the EU, beginning with the 1992 Treaty of Maastricht, accelerated the construction of a European defense and security policy within EU structures. The transfer from the WEU to the EU began in the late 1990s and the WEU was dissolved in 2011.

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