Report of the Ad Hoc Subgroup on the Impact of Competition in Contracting on Research and Development

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Storch ◽  
Donald Fraser ◽  
Robert Lunn ◽  
Barbara Glacel ◽  
Naomi J. McAfee
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Impact

Advancing dairy farming profitability through research

2001 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
J.R. Caradus ◽  
D.A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Nitrogen Fertiliser ◽  
Grass Endophyte ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Dairy Cow Nutrition ◽  
The Impact

The New Zealand dairy industry recognises that to remain competitive it must continue to invest in research and development. Outcomes from research have ensured year-round provision of low-cost feed from pasture while improving productivity. Some of these advances, discussed in this paper, include the use of white clover in pasture, understanding the impacts of grass endophyte, improved dairy cow nutrition, the use of alternative forage species and nitrogen fertiliser to improve productivity, demonstration of the impact of days-in-milk on profitability, and the use of feed budgeting and appropriate pasture management. Keywords: dairy, profitability, research and development

PP469 From Theory To Practice: Which Value Framework Is Applied For Onco-Hematology Therapies In Italy? A 5-year Retrospective Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (S1) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
Americo Cicchetti ◽  
Rossella Di Bidino ◽  
Entela Xoxi ◽  
Irene Luccarini ◽  
Alessia Brigido
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
National Level ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
The Real ◽  
R Process ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionDifferent value frameworks (VFs) have been proposed in order to translate available evidence on risk-benefit profiles of new treatments into Pricing & Reimbursement (P&R) decisions. However limited evidence is available on the impact of their implementation. It's relevant to distinguish among VFs proposed by scientific societies and providers, which usually are applicable to all treatments, and VFs elaborated by regulatory agencies and health technology assessment (HTA), which focused on specific therapeutic areas. Such heterogeneity in VFs has significant implications in terms of value dimension considered and criteria adopted to define or support a price decision.MethodsA literature research was conducted to identify already proposed or adopted VF for onco-hematology treatments. Both scientific and grey literature were investigated. Then, an ad hoc data collection was conducted for multiple myeloma; breast, prostate and urothelial cancer; and Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) therapies. Pharmaceutical products authorized by European Medicines Agency from January 2014 till December 2019 were identified. Primary sources of data were European Public Assessment Reports and P&R decision taken by the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) till September 2019.ResultsThe analysis allowed to define a taxonomy to distinguish categories of VF relevant to onco-hematological treatments. We identified the “real-world” VF that emerged given past P&R decisions taken at the Italian level. Data was collected both for clinical and economical outcomes/indicators, as well as decisions taken on innovativeness of therapies. Relevant differences emerge between the real world value framework and the one that should be applied given the normative framework of the Italian Health System.ConclusionsThe value framework that emerged from the analysis addressed issues of specific aspects of onco-hematological treatments which emerged during an ad hoc analysis conducted on treatment authorized in the last 5 years. The perspective adopted to elaborate the VF was the one of an HTA agency responsible for P&R decisions at a national level. Furthermore, comparing a real-world value framework with the one based on the general criteria defined by the national legislation, our analysis allowed identification of the most critical point of the current national P&R process in terms ofsustainability of current and future therapies as advance therapies and agnostic-tumor therapies.

scholarly journals Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection at the University of Barcelona during the Third COVID-19 Pandemic Wave in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6526
Author(s):  
Sebastián Videla ◽  
Aurema Otero ◽  
Sara Martí ◽  
M. Ángeles Domínguez ◽  
Nuria Fabrellas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic started in December 2019 and still is a major global health challenge. Lockdown measures and social distancing sparked a global shift towards online learning, which deeply impacted universities’ daily life, and the University of Barcelona (UB) was not an exception. Accordingly, we aimed to determine the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at the UB. To that end, we performed a cross-sectional study on a sample of 2784 UB members (n = 52,529). Participants answered a brief, ad hoc, online epidemiological questionnaire and provided a nasal swab for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) SARS-CoV-2 analysis and a venous blood sample for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assay. Total prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (positive RT-PCR or positive IgG) was 14.9% (95%CI 13.3 to 17.0%). Forty-four participants (1.6%, 95%CI: 1.2–2.1%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. IgG against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in 12.8% (95%CI: 11.6–14.1%) of participants. Overall, while waiting for population vaccination and/or increased herd immunity, we should concentrate on identifying and isolating new cases and their contacts.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact of R&D Intensity on Business Performance: Evidence from South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Hun Park ◽  
Jun-Hwan Park ◽  
Sujin Lee ◽  
Hyuk Hahn
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Innovative Firms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Knowledge Services

The role of R&D (research and development) intensity on the effect of knowledge services on the business performance of firms has been discussed by using PLS-SEM and PLS-MGA methods. Research groups were divided into two groups, innovative and non-innovative. Respondents were classified into innovative firms if their R&D intensity was over 3% and vice versa. PLS-SEM and PLS-MGA results were compared for two groups and valuable insights were extracted. For innovative firms, knowledge services seemed to be verified and processed by the decision makers and utilized to achieve their business performance. On the other hand, a large number of non-innovative firms seemed to have a stronger tendency to utilize knowledge services directly for their business without sufficient verification by the decision makers.

scholarly journals Mobility-Assisted on-Demand Routing Algorithm for MANETs in the Presence of Location Errors

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trung Kien Vu ◽  
Sungoh Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Mobility Prediction ◽  
Location Awareness ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Location Errors ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Demand Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Impact

We propose a mobility-assisted on-demand routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks in the presence of location errors. Location awareness enables mobile nodes to predict their mobility and enhances routing performance by estimating link duration and selecting reliable routes. However, measured locations intrinsically include errors in measurement. Such errors degrade mobility prediction and have been ignored in previous work. To mitigate the impact of location errors on routing, we propose an on-demand routing algorithm taking into account location errors. To that end, we adopt the Kalman filter to estimate accurate locations and consider route confidence in discovering routes. Via simulations, we compare our algorithm and previous algorithms in various environments. Our proposed mobility prediction is robust to the location errors.

A Game Theoretic Approach to Thwart Selfishness Attack in MANET

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 3944-3948
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Choudhury ◽  
Anita Pal ◽  
Anjali Gupchup ◽  
Krati Budholiya ◽  
Alokparna Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Selfish Nodes ◽  
Selfish Behavior ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Game Theoretic Approach

Ad-hoc networks are attractive, since they can provide a high level of connectivity without the need of a fixed infrastructure. Nodes that are not within the same transmission range communicate through multi-hops, where intermediate nodes act as relays. Mutual cooperation of all the participating nodes is necessary for proper operation of MANET. However, nodes in MANET being battery-constrained, they tend to behave selfishly while forwarding packets. In this paper, we have investigated the security of MANET AODV routing protocol by identifying the impact of selfish nodes on it. It was observed that due to the presence of selfish nodes, packet loss in the network increases and the performance of MANET degrades significantly. Finally a game theoretic approach is used to mitigate the selfishness attack. All the nodes in MANET should cooperate among themselves to thwart the selfish behavior of attacker nodes.

Radio Propagation Models: A Performance Analysis based Impact of Sparse and Dense Deployment of Nodes under Different Propagation Models in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Altaf Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Propagation Models ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is the most emerging and fast expanding technology since the last two decades. One of the major issue and challenging area in MANET is the process of routing due to dynamic topologies and high mobility of mobile nodes. The exchange of information from source to a destination is known as the process of routing. Spectacular amount of attention has been paid by researchers to reliable routing in ad-hoc networks. Efficiency and accuracy of a protocol depends on many parameters in these networks. In addition to other parameters node velocity and propagation models are among them. Calculating signal strength at receiver is the responsibility of a propagation model while mobility of nodes is responsible for topology of the network. A huge amount of loss in performance is occurred due to variation of signal strength at receiver and obstacles between transmissions. Simulation tools are developed to analyze the weakness and strength of protocols along with different parameters that may impact the performance. The choice of a propagation models have an abundant effect on performance on routing protocols in MANET. In this research, it has been analyzed to check the impact of different propagation models on the performance of Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in Sparse and Dense scenarios in MANET. The simulation has been carried out in NS-2 by using performance metrics as average Throughput, average packet drop and average latency. The results predicted that propagation models and mobility has a strong impact on the performance of OLSR in considered scenarios.

THE IMPACT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INVESTMENT ON AGRICULTURAL SECTOR PERFOMANCE IN KENYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-57
Author(s):  
John Githii Kimani ◽  
Dr. George Ruigu Ruigu
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of research and development investment/expenditure on the agricultural sector performance in Kenya.Methodology: The study took the peoples impact assessment direction. The data for this study was collected from various government agencies such as KARI, ASTI, Kenya Agricultural Sector Data compendium website, FAOSTAT, World Bank among others. Co-integration and error correction modeling methods were used in analyzing the data for this study.Results: Co-integration results for both the parsimonious and non-parsimonious model indicated that that there is a long-run relationship among the variables in the agriculture performance in Kenya. Further, findings in this study indicated that the variables under study were insignificant determinants of the long run Total Factor Productivity of the agricultural sector.  Meanwhile, Trade openness was the only significant determinant of the short run agricultural Total Factor Productivity.Unique Contribution to Policy and Practice: This study recommends the institutionalization of policies aimed at ensuring interaction between the various stakeholders in the agricultural sectors. This interaction will ensure that resources are better allocated to reduce duplication of research and dissemination activities. In addition, greater collaboration among the stakeholders will promote and strengthen the connection between research, policy and the application of research findings. The study further advocates that the government should follow a trade liberazation oriented approach to the agricultural sector as opposed to a trade tightening approach.

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