The Liu, Katsaros, and Businger (1979) Bulk Atmospheric Flux Computational Iteration Program in FORTRAN and BASIC

Linking evaporative fluxes from bare soil across surface viscous sublayer with the Monin–Obukhov atmospheric flux-profile estimates

Journal of Hydrology ◽

10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.019 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 525 ◽

pp. 684-693 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Erfan Haghighi ◽

Dani Or

Keyword(s):

Viscous Sublayer ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Atmospheric Flux ◽

Flux Profile

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A model of the methane cycle, permafrost, and hydrology of the Siberian continental margin

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-12-2953-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2953-2974 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. Archer

Keyword(s):

Continental Shelf ◽

Sea Level ◽

Methane Hydrate ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Methane Flux ◽

Pore Fluid ◽

Permafrost Zone ◽

Sediment Surface ◽

Sediment Column ◽

Atmospheric Flux

Abstract. A two-dimensional model of a sediment column, with Darcy fluid flow, biological and thermal methane production, and permafrost and methane hydrate formation, is subjected to glacial–interglacial cycles in sea level, alternately exposing the continental shelf to the cold atmosphere during glacial times and immersing it in the ocean in interglacial times. The glacial cycles are followed by a "long-tail" 100 kyr warming due to fossil fuel combustion. The salinity of the sediment column in the interior of the shelf can be decreased by hydrological forcing to depths well below sea level when the sediment is exposed to the atmosphere. There is no analogous advective seawater-injecting mechanism upon resubmergence, only slower diffusive mechanisms. This hydrological ratchet is consistent with the existence of freshwater beneath the sea floor on continental shelves around the world, left over from the last glacial period. The salt content of the sediment column affects the relative proportions of the solid and fluid H2O-containing phases, but in the permafrost zone the salinity in the pore fluid brine is a function of temperature only, controlled by equilibrium with ice. Ice can tolerate a higher salinity in the pore fluid than methane hydrate can at low pressure and temperature, excluding methane hydrate from thermodynamic stability in the permafrost zone. The implication is that any methane hydrate existing today will be insulated from anthropogenic climate change by hundreds of meters of sediment, resulting in a response time of thousands of years. The strongest impact of the glacial–interglacial cycles on the atmospheric methane flux is due to bubbles dissolving in the ocean when sea level is high. When sea level is low and the sediment surface is exposed to the atmosphere, the atmospheric flux is sensitive to whether permafrost inhibits bubble migration in the model. If it does, the atmospheric flux is highest during the glaciating, sea level regression (soil-freezing) part of the cycle rather than during deglacial transgression (warming and thawing). The atmospheric flux response to a warming climate is small, relative to the rest of the methane sources to the atmosphere in the global budget, because of the ongoing flooding of the continental shelf. The increased methane flux due to ocean warming could be completely counteracted by a sea level rise of tens of meters on millennial timescales due to the loss of ice sheets, decreasing the efficiency of bubble transit through the water column. The model results give no indication of a mechanism by which methane emissions from the Siberian continental shelf could have a significant impact on the near-term evolution of Earth's climate, but on millennial timescales the release of carbon from hydrate and permafrost could contribute significantly to the fossil fuel carbon burden in the atmosphere–ocean–terrestrial carbon cycle.

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Standing Dead Trees are a Conduit for the Atmospheric Flux of CH4 and CO2 from Wetlands

Wetlands ◽

10.1007/s13157-017-0963-8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 133-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mary Jane Carmichael ◽

Ashley M. Helton ◽

Joseph C. White ◽

William K. Smith

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Flux ◽

Dead Trees ◽

Standing Dead ◽

Standing Dead Trees

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The Total Meridional Heat Flux and Its Oceanic and Atmospheric Partition

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli3539.1 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 18 (21) ◽

pp. 4374-4380 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Carl Wunsch

Keyword(s):

Northern Hemisphere ◽

Energy Transport ◽

Atmospheric Model ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Radiation Budget ◽

Meridional Heat Transport ◽

Atmospheric Flux ◽

Oceanic Surface ◽

Earth Radiation Budget ◽

Estimated Error

Abstract Atmospheric meridional heat transport is inferred as a residual from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data and in situ oceanic estimates. Reversing the conventional approach of computing the ocean as an atmospheric model residual is done to permit calculation of a preliminary uncertainty estimate for the atmospheric flux. The structure of the ERBE errors is itself an important uncertainty. Total energy transport is almost indistinguishable from a hemispherically antisymmetric analytic function, despite the great asymmetry of the oceanic heat fluxes. ERBE data appear sufficiently noisy so that a considerable range of atmospheric transports remains possible: the maximum atmospheric value lies between 3 and 5 PW in the Northern Hemisphere, at one standard deviation, although the values are sensitive to the noise assumptions made here. The Northern Hemisphere ocean and atmosphere carry comparable poleward heat fluxes to about 28°N where the oceanic flux drops rapidly, but does not actually vanish until the oceanic surface area goes to zero. Within the estimated error bars, there is a remarkable antisymmetry about the equator of the combined ocean and atmospheric transports, despite the marked oceanic transport asymmetry.

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