IN VITRO CONTRACTIONS OF RAT JEJUNUM FOLLOWING WHOLE-BODY X IRRADIATION AND EVALUATION BY PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS

1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Kagnoff ◽  
E. Kivy-Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Rat Jejunum ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
X Irradiation

THE USE OF Cr51 AS A CRITERION OF THYMOCYTE REGENERATION AFTER WHOLE BODY X-IRRADIATION

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
P. V. Vittorio ◽  
P. J. Baker ◽  
S. Dziubalo-Blehm
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Quantitative Criterion ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Early Radiation ◽  
Population Ratio ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
In Vitro Uptake

The uptake of Cr51 chromate by thymocytes in vitro after whole body X-irradiation can be used as a sensitive quantitative criterion not only for the evaluation of early radiation damage to these cells but also as a measure of later regeneration. The development of the radiation lesion is characterized by a reduction in the in vitro uptake of Cr51 and the later regeneration of new cells by an increase in Cr51 uptake which is probably due to increased uptake of Cr51 by the young newly formed cells in the damaged tissue which is proliferating in an attempt to repair the damage. The return of the Cr51 uptake to normal is an indication of the time required for the cell population (ratio of young to older cells) to return to normal. By this technique the effect of different doses of X-irradiation on the regeneration of thymocytes has been demonstrated. Treatment with AET before whole body X-irradiation (400 r) indicated that less regeneration was necessary but the recovery time remained unchanged. Age differences produced a change in the extent of repair or regeneration but no change in recovery time.Spermatozoa showed evidence of early damage after whole body X-irradiation. This damage increased with time with no evidence of increased regeneration or repair.

The role of lymphocytes in antibody formation I. Restoration of the haemolysin response in X -irradiated rats with lymphocytes from normal and immunologically tolerant donors

1967 ◽  
Vol 168 (1012) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sheep Erythrocytes ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Immunological Deficiency ◽  
Donor Lymphocytes

The haemolysin response of rats to an intravenous dose of 10 8 sheep erythrocytes was abolished by pretreatment with 500 rad of whole body X-irradiation. The immunological deficiency in such animals could be corrected equally well by either an injection of thoracic duct cells or by an inoculum consisting almost exclusively of small lymphocytes, obtained in each case from normal (non-immune) rats. The reversal of unresponsiveness depended upon the survival of the donor lymphocytes in the X-irradiated recipients and was not due to a non-specific restoration of the hosts’ own capacity to form antibody. Evidence for this conclusion came from experiments in which the X-irradiated recipients were themselves immunologically tolerant of sheep erythrocytes; additional support came from the inability of lymphocytes from immunologically tolerant donors to restore specific responsiveness in X-irradiated (non-tolerant) recipients. In a proportion of trials the immunological tolerance to sheep erythrocytes exhibited by thoracic duct lymphocytes from tolerant donors could be broken by incubating the cells in vitro before their injection into X-irradiated recipients. This points to the existence of individual tolerant cells in the tolerant populations of lymphocytes. Taken as a whole the experiments suggest strongly that small lymphocytes are the precursors of the cells which produce haemolysin against sheep erythrocytes in the rat.

scholarly journals The effect of whole-body X-irradiation of guinea pigs on liver ribosomes

1968 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Hidvégi ◽  
J. Holland ◽  
Elisabeth Bölöni ◽  
P. Lónai ◽  
F. Antoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Amino Acid Incorporation ◽  
Acid Incorporation ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Liver Ribosomes

1. The size distribution of aggregates of liver ribosomes and their protein-synthesizing ability in vitro were studied shortly after X-irradiation of guinea pigs. 2. Sucrose-density-gradient analysis of the mitochondrial supernatant after treatment with deoxycholate revealed a gradual increase in the number of polysomes, reaching a maximum between 9 and 15 hr. after irradiation. At that period the amount of ribonucleoprotein particles reached a level 25–30% above the control. This finding was confirmed by analytical-ultracentrifugal analysis and electron microscopy. Experiments were conducted to exclude the possibility that the enrichment of polysomes in the irradiated animals had occurred during the isolation procedure. 3. The protein-synthesizing ability of total ribosomal particles was measured in vitro. This showed an increase in amino acid incorporation parallel to the progressive enrichment of polysomes. At radiation doses of up to 1000r. the protein-synthesizing capacity was dependent on the radiation dose: the higher the dose the higher the amino acid incorporation, reaching 40–60% above the control at the period of maximal polysome enrichment. Amino acid incorporation remained at this level after radiation doses of between 1000 and 3000r. The enhanced protein-synthesizing activity was due solely to the increase in the proportion of polysomes, since irradiation was without effect on the activity of single ribosomes. 4. The results of the experiments are discussed in the light of our knowledge of the effect of radiation on protein synthesis.

Minimal contribution of cell-bound antibodies to the immunoscintigraphy of inflamed joints with 99mTc-anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (03) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wolski ◽  
E. Palombo-Kinne ◽  
F. Wolf ◽  
F. Emmrich ◽  
W. Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Synovial Membrane ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Ankle Joints

Summary Aim: The cellular joint infiltrate in rheumatoid arthritis patients is rich in CD4-positive T-helper lymphocytes and macrophages, rendering anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) suitable for specific immunoscintigraphy of human/ experimental arthritis. Following intravenous injection, however, mAbs are present both in the free form and bound to CD4-positive, circulating monocytes and T-cells. Thus, the present study aimed at analyzing the relative contribution of the free and the cell-bound component to the imaging of inflamed joints in experimental adjuvant arthritis (AA). Methods: AA rat peritoneal macrophages or lymph node T-cells were incubated in vitro with saturating amounts of 99mTc-anti-CD4 mAb (W3/25) and injected i.v. into rats with AA. Results: In vitro release of 99mTc-anti-CD4 mAb from the cells was limited (on average 1.57%/h for macrophages and 0.84%/h for T-cells). Following i.v. injection, whole body/joint scans and tissue measurements showed only negligible accumulation of radioactivity in inflamed ankle joints (tissue: 0.22 and 0.34% of the injected activity, respectively), whereas the radioactivity was concentrated in liver (tissue: 79% and 71%, respectively), kidney, and urinary bladder. Unlike macrophages, however, anti-CD4 mAb-coated T-cells significantly accumulated in lymphoid organs, the inflamed synovial membrane of the ankle joints, as well as in elbow and knee joints. Conclusion: While the overall contribution of cell-bound mAbs to the imaging of arthritic joints with anti-CD4 mAbs is minimal, differential accumulation of macrophages and T-cells in lymphoid organs and the inflamed synovial membrane indicates preferential migration patterns of these 2 cell populations in arthritic rats. Although only validated for 99mTc-anti-CD4 mAbs, extrapolation of the results to other anticellular mAbs with similar affinity for their antigen may be possible.

A Simple and Inexpensive Clinical Whole Body Counter

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
A. K. Basu ◽  
S. K. Guha ◽  
B. N. Tandon ◽  
M. M. Gupta ◽  
M. ML. Rehani
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Body Counter ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Whole Body Counter ◽  
Single Detector ◽  
Background Index ◽  
Iodide Crystal

SummaryThe conventional radioisotope scanner has been used as a whole body counter. The background index of the system is 10.9 counts per minute per ml of sodium iodide crystal. The sensitivity and derived sensitivity parameters have been evaluated and found to be suitable for clinical studies. The optimum parameters for a single detector at two positions above the lying subject have been obtained. It has been found that for the case of 131I measurement it is possible to assay a source located at any point in the body with coefficient of variation less than 5%. To add to the versatility, a fixed geometry for in-vitro counting of large samples has been obtained. The retention values obtained by the whole body counter have been found to correlate with those obtained by in-vitro assay of urine and stool after intravenous administration of 51Cr-albumin.

Haemostatic Platelet Plug Formation in the Isolated Rabbit Mesenteric Preparation - An Analysis of Red Blood Cell Participation

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (01) ◽  
pp. 006-008 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Bergqvist ◽  
K-E Arfors
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Releasing Effect ◽  
Plug Formation

SummaryIn a model using an isolated rabbit mesenteric preparation microvessels were transected and the time until haemostatic plugs formed was registered. Perfusion of platelet rich plasma gave no haemostasis whereas whole blood did. Addition of chlorpromazine or adenosine to the whole blood significantly prolonged the time for haemostasis, and addition of ADP to the platelet rich plasma significantly shortened it. It is concluded that red cells are necessary for a normal haemostasis in this model, probably by a combination of a haemodynamic and ADP releasing effect.The fundamental role of platelets in haemostatic plug formation is unquestionable but there are still problems concerning the stimulus for this process to start. Three platelet aggregating substances have been discussed – thrombin, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen. Evidence speaking in favour of thrombin is, however, very minimal, and the discussion has to be focused on collagen and ADP. In an in vitro system using polyethylene tubings we have shown that "haemostasis" can be obtained without the presence of collagen but against these results can be argued that it is only another in vitro test for platelet aggregation (1).To be able to induce haemostasis in this model, however, the presence of red blood cells is necessary. To further study this problem we have developed a model where haemostatic plug formation can be studied in the isolated rabbit mesentery and we have briefly reported on this (2).Thus, it is possible to perfuse the vessels with whole blood as well as with platelet rich plasma (PRP) and different pharmacological agents of importance.

Evaluation of a New Preparation of Urokinase

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 114-122
Author(s):  
C.R.M Prentice ◽  
K.M Rogers ◽  
G.P McNicol
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Initial Dose ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Pharmacological Effect ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fibrinolytic Agent ◽  
Thromboplastic Activity

SummaryThe pharmacological effect of a new preparation of urokinase (Leo) has been studied, both in vitro and in six patients suffering from thrombo-embolic disorders. It was a non-toxic, effective fibrinolytic agent if given in sufficient dosage. A regimen consisting of an initial dose of 7,200 ploug units per kg body weight, followed by hourly maintenance therapy with 3,600 ploug units per kg intravenously, gave satisfactory evidence of whole body fibrinolytic activity. The preparation had minor but insignificant thromboplastic activity both when assayed in the laboratory and when given to patients.

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