PRESSURE AND HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS FOR HYPERSONIC FLOWS OVER EXPANSION CORNERS AND AHEAD OF RAMPS. PART I: MACH 5 AND 8 DATA FOR EXPANSION CORNER FLOWS PART OF AN INVESTIGATION OF HYPERSONIC FLOW SEPARATION AND CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS

Lime salts in the thin juice obtained after juice purification is one of the most important chemical KPI’s (Key Performance Indicator) in beet processing. Too high lime salts content will significantly affect processing costs – particularly energy – due to scaling of heat exchange surfaces thus decreasing heat transfer. In addition, high lime salts are at the origin of turbidity and insoluble solids in white sugar. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to understand the chemistry behind lime salts in beet processing in order to be able preventing too high lime salts contents in thin juice. This paper will explain the details of the chemistry behind the presence of lime salts. Further, a trouble-shooting guide is included to elucidate the different causes for high lime salts contents and how these causes can be identified, as well as the process measures to reduce the lime salts content in thin juice.

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High-enthalpy hypersonic flows

Advances in Aerodynamics ◽

10.1186/s42774-020-00041-y ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joseph J. S. Shang ◽

Hong Yan

Keyword(s):

Hypersonic Flow ◽

High Speed ◽

Quantum Physics ◽

Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic ◽

Strong Shock ◽

Hypersonic Flows ◽

Electrically Conducting ◽

High Enthalpy ◽

Speed Range ◽

Flow Theories

Abstract Nearly all illuminating classic hypersonic flow theories address aerodynamic phenomena as a perfect gas in the high-speed range and at the upper limit of continuum gas domain. The hypersonic flow is quantitatively defined by the Mach number independent principle, which is derived from the asymptotes of the Rankine-Hugoniot relationship. However, most hypersonic flows encounter strong shock-wave compressions resulting in a high enthalpy gas environment that always associates with nonequilibrium thermodynamic and quantum chemical-physics phenomena. Under this circumstance, the theoretic linkage between the microscopic particle dynamics and macroscopic thermodynamics properties of gas is lost. When the air mixture is ionized to become an electrically conducting medium, the governing physics now ventures into the regimes of quantum physics and electromagnetics. Therefore, the hypersonic flows are no longer a pure aerodynamics subject but a multidisciplinary science. In order to better understand the realistic hypersonic flows, all pertaining disciplines such as the nonequilibrium chemical kinetics, quantum physics, radiative heat transfer, and electromagnetics need to bring forth.

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