scholarly journals On the Thought and Social Status of the Literati Group in Early Qing Dynasty——from the Consideration of ‘boxue hongci ke[博學鴻詞科]’ and ‘Grand Banquet[文讌]’

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (null) ◽  
pp. 203-227
Author(s):  
홍상훈
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Early Qing Dynasty

From the Open Seas to the Guangzhou System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Van Dyke
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
System P ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Qing Government ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Early Qing Dynasty

The transformation from the open sea policies of the early Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) to the rise of the Guangzhou System was a process that took many years. It began with the capture of Taiwan from the Zheng family regime in 1683 and the opening of multiple Chinese ports to trade in 1684. Over the next four decades, Qing officials experimented with different ways of managing trade, and by about 1700, Guangzhou had emerged as one of the most successful at attracting foreign ships. The practices that were found to be most effective at maintaining control—while at the same time encouraging foreigners to return each year—were gradually incorporated into the city’s commercial policies. By the 1720s, all of the basic features of what came to be called the Guangzhou System were firmly in place. In 1757, the Qing government closed other Chinese ports to foreign trade, which guaranteed that Guangzhou would remain the center of commerce up to the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842.

New Research on Confucian Christian Liu Ning during early Qing Dynasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 93-120
Author(s):  
XIAO Qinghe
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Late Ming ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Research ◽  
Early Qing Dynasty

Researches on common Christians in the early Qing dynasty is relatively scarce. ’I'his essay tried to uncover and investigate the family? lives? writings?communications and thought of Liu Ning> who was a Christian and also a Confucian adept in studying ancient Confucian classics and Chinese philology and phonology in the early Qing. Some new historical materials prove that Liu was born in 1 620, not as some scholars said in 1625; and he died nearly in 1715 when he was 96 years old. He was probably baptized by Prosper Intorcctta (1625——1696.) in Nanfeng County or by other missionaries before Liu went to Chongyi County to hold the position of Confucian instructor in 1687. This essay also discusses some of Liu's thoughts?such as Restoring Confucianism and Replacing Buddhism and so on. The last part points out the changes of Christianity's legitimacy from the late Ming to the early Qing dynasties and concludes some main reasons for these changes.

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