Possibility of Converting the Large-diameter War Emergency Pipe Lines to Natural Gas Service after the War

1944 ◽  
Vol 7 (04) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Sidney A. Swensrud
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Pipe Lines

scholarly journals Fracture Behaviour and Defect Evaluation of Large Diameter, HSLA Steels, Very High Pressure Linepipes

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Demofonti ◽  
G. Mannucci ◽  
L. Barsanti ◽  
C. M. Spinelli ◽  
H. G. Hillenbrand
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fracture Behaviour ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Pressure Pipeline ◽  
On Line ◽  
High Pressure Pipeline ◽  
Very High

Actually, the increase in natural gas needs in the European market, foreseen for the beginning of the next century, compels to develop new solutions for the exploitation of gas fields in remote areas. For natural gas transportation over long distances the hypothesis of a large diameter high-pressure pipeline, up to 150 bar (doubling of the actual one) has been found economically attractive, resulting in significant reduction of the transportation cost of the hydrocarbon. In this contest the interest amongst gas companies in the possible applications of high-grade steels (up to API X100) is growing. A research program, partially financed by E.C.S.C. (European Community for Coal and Steel), by a joint co-operation among Centro Sviluppo Materiali (CSM), S.N.A.M. and Europipe in order to investigate the fracture behaviour of large diameter, API X100 grade pipes at very high pressure (up to 150 bar) has been carried out. This paper presents: the current status of technology of API X100 steel with respect to the combination of chemical composition, rolling variables and mechanical properties the results obtained from West Jefferson tests, in order to confirm the ductile-brittle transition behaviour stated from laboratory tests (DWTT), the results obtained concerning the control of long shear propagating fracture and in particular the results of a full scale crack propagation test on line operating at very high hoop stress (470 MPa). Besides, in order to investigate the defect tolerance behaviour of the pipe with respect to axial surface defect, burst tests with water as pressurising medium have been carried out and the relative results are presented and discussed.

Numerical Simulation Analysis of High Strength UOE Steel Pipes

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana E. Roza ◽  
Giuliano Malatesta ◽  
Marcelo C. Fritz ◽  
Gianluca Mannucci ◽  
Luis Chad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Forming Tools

Large diameter longitudinally welded linepipes have to fulfil increasing technical requirements in order to guarantee best performance during construction and service. The increase in natural gas demand in European, North American, South American and Asian countries, foreseen for the immediate future, necessitates the development of cost effective transportation solutions to economically exploit gas fields located in remote area. A competitive option of gas to market is represented by the use of high-pressure natural gas transmission pipelines. In particular, for natural gas transportation over long distances, the use of high grade steel (X80, X100 or even higher) large diameter (36″ to 56″ of outer diameter), gas pipelines is found to be very attractive and economical. With respect to SAW pipes attention is focused on seam weld consumables and forming tools. In particular, forming tools must be designed in order to manage the large spring back effect that high grade plates, such as those for X100 pipes, exhibits when the pipes go from the U-press to the O-press. The objective of this paper is to present the evaluation of X100 pipes inside the UOE process from TenarisConfab mill with a mathematic modeling to get the best parameters. The X100 production process has been analyzed via Finite Element Model to evaluate goodness of tools geometry and pipe mill capability to produce higher grades pipes.

International Pipelines: Canada-United States

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
John Bishop Ballem
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
International Boundary

For more than a quarter century, large-diameter pipeline systems have been crossing and recrossing the international boundary between Canada and the United States as though that political demarcation line did not exist. Over the years these pipelines have carried large volumes of Canadian oil and gas to American markets and two of them, Interprovincial Pipe Line Limited in the case of oil, and TransCanada PipeLines Limited in the case of natural gas, have also moved Canadian source oil and gas through the United States to reach markets in eastern Canada.

Design and Testing of Large Diameter Composite Reinforced Pressure Vessels for Offshore Gas Applications

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Wolodko ◽  
Tom Zimmerman ◽  
Gary Stephen ◽  
Greg Cano ◽  
Norman Fawley
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Transport ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Design And Testing ◽  
Stranded Gas ◽  
Steel Design ◽  
Composite Steel

Bulk transportation of compressed natural gas is becoming a viable and flexible option for moving stranded gas reserves to existing or remote markets. One such technology that is currently being developed for this application is the Gas Transport Module (GTM™). Gas Transport Modules are large diameter, high pressure, fiber reinforced composite/steel pressure vessels intended for the mobile transport of natural gas on a variety of carriers including ships, barges, trucks and trains. The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent work concerning the design and testing of these large diameter, composite pressure vessels. The advantages of the proposed hybrid composite/steel design for offshore use are discussed. An overview of current standards development, specialized analysis methods and testing requirements is also provided.

Pipeline Stabilisation Using Pre-Trenching and Sand Backfill

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Chamizo ◽  
Dean R. Campbell ◽  
Carl T. Erbirch ◽  
Eric P. Jas ◽  
Liang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Carbonate Sand ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Subsea Pipelines ◽  
Very High

Stabilizing large diameter natural gas pipelines on the seabed against extreme hydrodynamic loading conditions has proven to be challenging in the northwest of Australia. Tropical storms, which affect the area annually between November and April, can generate wave heights exceeding 30 m and on-bottom steady-state currents of 2 m/s or more. Consequently, in shallow water depths, typically less than 40–60 m, subsea pipelines can experience very high hydrodynamic loads, potentially causing significant lateral movement. If the seabed is rugged, or at locations where the pipeline approaches a point of fixity, this can lead to the pipeline suffering mechanical damage, which is undesirable. In many places on the Northwest Shelf of Australia, there is a layer of minimum 3 m deep marine sediments. The sediments predominantly comprise of relatively stable, fine to medium sized carbonate silts and sands, sometimes with some clay content. Traditionally, in Australia and other parts of the world, post-trenching techniques such as ploughing and jetting have been applied in such areas. These techniques can successfully lower the pipeline into the seabed. However, in many situations on the Northwest Shelf of Australia, post-trenching has had limited success. This has in part been due to the unpredictable levels of cementation of the carbonate sand, which has often resulted in an insufficient trench depth, with the need to implement costly and time consuming remedial works to ensure pipeline stability. The uncertainties in the success of post-trenching tools lead to the development of the pre-trenching and sand backfill method, which was first applied in Australia in 2003 on a 42-inch diameter natural gas trunkline. This technique has several advantages compared to post-trenching and other conventional pipeline stabilization methods such as rubble mound pipeline covers or gravity anchors. This paper presents an overview of the pre-trenching and sand backfill method, its design principles, benefits, and risks and opportunities.

Assessment on Design Factors of China’s Natural Gas Pipeline Based on Reliability-Based Design Method

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyong Zhang ◽  
Yawei Zhou ◽  
Jinyuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Location Class ◽  
Design Factors

Although the traditional method based on stress analysis is simple and convenient, the main limitation is that it does not reflect the actual failure mechanisms (or limit states). A pipeline network database of about 40 thousand kilometers comprising 258 design cases that represent combinations of steel grade, diameter, pressure, and location class is established, in order to evaluate and improve the design factors specified in the Chinese standard “Code for design of gas transmission pipeline engineering” (GB 50251). Referring to the research report “Target Reliability Levels for the Design and Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines” accomplished by C-FER in 2005, the critical wall thicknesses and corresponding equivalent design factors are calculated by using reliability-based method to meet specified reliability targets. The research shows that the equivalent design factors obtained by Reliability-Based Design (RBD) method tend to increase as the pipe diameters get larger. The new design factors are smaller than those specified in the design code for pipelines with small diameter in location class 1 and 2, and larger than those in the design code for the other pipelines. Therefore, design factors are modified in each location class. The new factors are specific to pipes with small diameter (D ≤ 508mm), medium diameter (508mm < D < 711mm), and large diameter (711mm ≤ D ≤ 1219mm), thus enhancing the rationality and practicability of design factors.

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