Laboratory Evaluation of In-Situ Gelled Acids for Carbonate Reservoirs

SPE Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
pp. 426-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. Taylor ◽  
H.A. Nasr-El-Din
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation

Polymer in-Situ Rheology in Carbonate Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tormod Skauge ◽  
Kenneth Sorbie ◽  
Ali Al-Sumaiti ◽  
Shehadeh Masalmeh ◽  
Arne Skauge
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Solution ◽  
Carbonate Rock ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Polymer Flooding ◽  
Resistance Factor ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Permeability Reduction ◽  
Polymer Flood ◽  
Core Flood

Abstract A large, untapped EOR potential may be extracted by extending polymer flooding to carbonate reservoirs. However, several challenges are encountered in carbonates due to generally more heterogeneous rock and lower permeability. In addition, high salinity may lead to high polymer retention. Here we show how in-situ viscosity varies with permeability and heterogeneity in carbonate rock from analysis of core flood results and combined with review of data available in literature. In-situ rheology experiments were performed on both carbonate outcrop and reservoir cores with a range in permeabilities. The polymer used was a high ATBS content polyacrylamide (SAV10) which tolerates high temperature and high salinity. Some cores were aged with crude oil to generate non-water-wet, reservoir representative wettability conditions. These results are compared to a compilation of literature data on in-situ rheology for predominantly synthetic polymers in various carbonate rock. A systematic approach was utilized to derive correlations for resistance factor, permeability reduction and in-situ viscosity as a function of rock and polymer properties. Polymer flooding is applied to improve sweep efficiency that may occur due to reservoir heterogeneities (large permeability contrasts, anisotropy, thief zones) or adverse mobility ratio (high mobility contrast oil-brine). In flooding design, the viscosity of the polymer solution in the reservoir, the in-situ viscosity, is an essential parameter as this is tuned to correct the mobility difference and to improve sweep. The viscosity is estimated from rheometer/viscometer measurements or, better, measured in laboratory core flood experiments. However, upscaling core flood experiments to field is challenging. Core flood experiments measure differential pressure, which is the basis for the resistance factor, RF, that describes the increased resistance to flow for polymer relative to brine. However, the pressure is also influenced by several other factors such as the permeability reduction caused by adsorption and retention of polymer in the rock, the tortuosity of the rock and the viscosity of the flowing polymer solution. Deduction of in-situ viscosity is straight forward using Darcy's law but the capillary bundle model that is the basis for applying this law fails for non-Newtonian fluids. This is particularly evident in carbonate rock. Interpretation of in-situ rheology experiments can therefore be misleading if the wrong assumptions are made. Polymer flooding in carbonate reservoirs has a large potential for increased utilization of petroleum reserves at a reduced CO2 footprint. In this paper we apply learnings from an extensive core flood program for a polymer flood project in the UAE and combine this with reported literature data to generate a basis for interpretation of in-situ rheology experiments in carbonates. Most importantly, we suggest a methodology to screen experiments and select data to be used as basis for modelling polymer flooding. This improves polymer flood design, optimize the polymer consumption, and thereby improve project economy and energy efficiency.

scholarly journals Laboratory Evaluation and Construction of Fully Recycled Low-Temperature Asphalt for Low-Volume Roads

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Christiane Raab ◽  
Manfred N. Partl
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Traffic Simulation ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Low Volume Roads ◽  
Low Volume

Growing economy and increasing pollution evoke the need for more environmentally friendly road construction techniques and the saving of natural resources. In this context, cold recycling plays an important role since, on the one hand, it allows to reduce CO2 emissions drastically and, on the other hand, it offers a variety of opportunities for high percentages of recycling. Inspired by experience in Sweden, the international project “Optimal Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalts for low-traffic Pavement” (ORRAP) for low-volume roads in the Upper Rhine region aims to develop and establish a new strategy for 100% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) at ambient temperature (20°C) without adding virgin bituminous binders or rejuvenators. The still ongoing research project involves laboratory experiments as well as in situ test sections. The link between small-scale laboratory experiments and in situ testing is provided by medium-scale traffic simulation in the laboratory. This paper describes results from medium-scale compaction in the laboratory using different methods as well as traffic simulation with a medium-scale mobile traffic load simulator. The results show that compaction in the laboratory at ambient temperature (20°) is very difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, it was found that compaction at a temperature of 60°C appears possible and provides promising results regarding stability and rutting enabling the in situ construction. The in situ pavement construction at ambient temperature on a low-volume road in Switzerland resulted in a visibly well-compacted and stable base course which was covered by a hot mix asphalt surface course the day after. The test section will be monitored closely over the next 12 months.

In-situ upgrading and enhanced recovery of heavy oil from carbonate reservoirs using nano-catalysts: Upgrading reactions analysis

Fuel ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 252 ◽  
pp. 262-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Moein Elahi ◽  
Carlos E. Scott ◽  
Zhangxin Chen ◽  
Pedro Pereira-Almao
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Nano Catalysts

Effect of faults and rock physical properties on in situ stress within highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 106601
Author(s):  
Chuyen Pham ◽  
Chandong Chang ◽  
Youngho Jang ◽  
Abdurahiman Kutty ◽  
Jaehoon Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
In Situ Stress ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs

Laboratory Evaluation of Viscoelastic Surfactant Acid Diversion for Carbonate Reservoirs

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Msalli Awadh Al-Otaibi ◽  
Ghaithan A. Al-Muntasheri ◽  
Ibnelwaleed Ali Hussein ◽  
Frank Fakuen Chang
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Acid Diversion ◽  
Viscoelastic Surfactant

Laboratory evaluation of K0 for overconsolidated clays

1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 650-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Garga ◽  
Mahbubul A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Axial Stress ◽  
Axial Strain ◽  
Stress Path ◽  
Horizontal Stress ◽  
In Situ Stress ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Triaxial Apparatus ◽  
Overconsolidated Clays

Most of the laboratory testing methods available for the evaluation of in situ horizontal stresses are applicable to normally consolidated or lightly overconsolidated clays. This paper describes a new laboratory method for the determination of in situ horizontal stresses of heavily overconsolidated clays using a stress-path triaxial apparatus. The proposed method is based on the concept that if the radial stress exceeds the in situ horizontal stress, while maintaining the axial stress constant and equal to the in situ vertical effective stress, only then will the sample experience significant axial strain. The results obtained for undisturbed samples of an overconsolidated clay crust are found to be in agreement with some available methods. For verification of the applicability of the proposed method, K0 was determined for artificially prepared samples that had been subjected to known stress paths simulating field stress history. Key words: K0, overconsolidation, in situ stress, in situ test, clay crust, laboratory test.

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