Abstract
Over the past decade, coiled tubing (CT) has been one of the preferred fluid conveyance techniques in tight carbonate oil producers completed with an uncased horizontal section. In the onshore Middle East, conventional CT stimulation practices have delivered inconsistent results in that work environment. This is mainly due to a mix of reservoir heterogeneity, limited CT reach, lower CT pumping rates, uncontrolled fluid placement, and uncertainty of downhole dynamics during the stimulation operations.
An intervention workflow recently validated in onshore Middle East to acidize tight carbonate openhole horizontal water injectors was introduced for the first time in an oil producer. The advanced stimulation methodology relies on CT equipped with fiber optics to visualize original fluid coverage across the openhole interval through distributed temperature sensing (DTS). Real-time downhole telemetry is used to control actuation of CT toolstring components and to understand changing downhole conditions. Based on the prestimulation DTS survey, the open hole is segmented into sections requiring different levels of stimulation, fluid placement techniques, and diversion requirements.
The candidate carbonate oil producer featured an average permeability of 1.5 md along 8,003 ft of 6-in. uncased horizontal section. Because of the horizontal drain's extended length and the presence of a minimum restriction of 2.365-in in the 3 1/2-in. production tubing, a newly developed CT slim tractor was essential to overcome reach limitations. In addition, a customized drop-ball high-pressure jetting nozzle was coupled to the extended reach assembly to enable high-energy, pinpoint acidizing in the same run. The instrumented CT was initially run until lockup depth, covering only 53% of the horizontal section. The CT slim tractor was then precisely controlled by leveraging real-time downhole force readings, enabling full reach across the open hole. Prestimulation DTS allowed identification of high- and low-intake zones, which enabled informed adjustments of the acidizing schedule, and in particular the level of jetting required in each section. After its actuation via drop-ball, the high-pressure jetting nozzle was operated using downhole pressure readings to ensure optimum jetting conditions and avoid exceeding the fracturing threshold. Upon completion of the stimulation stage, post-stimulation DTS provided an evaluation of the fluid placement effectiveness. After several weeks of production, the oil rate still exceeded the operator's expectations fivefold.
This intervention validates the applicability of the advanced matrix stimulation workflow in tight carbonate oil producers completed across a long openhole horizontal interval. It also confirms the value of real-time downhole telemetry for optimal operation of extended reach toolstrings and the understanding of the downhole dynamics throughout stimulation treatments, the combination of which ultimately delivers breakthrough production improvements compared to conventional stimulation approaches, in a sustainable manner.
Impact of Confining Stress on Capillary Pressure Behavior During Drainage Through Rough Fractures