Determination of Hydrocarbon Dew Point Hdp of Natural Gas – Experimental and Theoretical

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bella Mmata ◽  
Hilary Okeke ◽  
Mike Onyekonwu ◽  
Jesse Joshua
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Flow Line ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Chromatographic Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hydrocarbon Liquid ◽  
Processing Plants

Abstract Hydrocarbon dew point (HDP) temperature is defined as the temperature at which the first hydrocarbon liquid begins to condense in a natural gas cooled at constant pressure, which is an important qualitative parameter for pipeline operators. Hydrocarbon liquid drops-out along the gas pipeline will decrease the effective cross-sectional area of the pipes causing increased pressure drop, reduced line capacity as well as system shutdowns. It is therefore imperative that the gas pipelines be operated above the hydrocarbon dew point (HDP) temperature to ensure a trouble free line; this of course requires the knowledge of the HDP for the pipeline. In this work, onsite measurement of the HDP of 5 different natural gases from different flow stations and gas processing plants in the Niger-Delta region was done using an automatic optical condensation dew point meter. Subsequently, each of the gases was collected in stainless steel Proserv bottles and taken to the laboratory for compositional analysis using gas chromatographic technique with reference to GPA 2286. In addition, the Peng Robinson (PR) and Soave Redlich Kwong (SRK) Equations of state (EOS) were used to predict the hydrocarbon dew point temperature of the gases at the flow line pressures. The Average Absolute Error (AAE) for EOS PR was 9.33% while that for EOS SRK was 14.68%. Obviously, it showed that PR EOS gave better predictions than SRK EOS. The result of this work also showed that even a 50% variation in molar contributions of the non-hydrocarbon components had negligible effects on the predicted hydrocarbon dew point temperatures for all the gas samples tested.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Equations of State for the Dew Curves Calculation in High Pressure Natural Gas Mixtures. [Estudio Comparativo de Ecuaciones de Estado para el Cálculo de Curvas de Rocío en Mezclas de Gas Natural a Alta Presión]

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-164
Author(s):  
Natalia Prieto Jiménez ◽  
Germán González Silva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Synthetic Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Correct Estimation

he success during the operation of natural gas processing plants depends on the correct estimation of thermodynamic properties of the system. This paper calculates the equilibrium curves of real and synthetic natural gas mixtures means of three Equations of State (EOS). These equilibrium curves were constructed and compared with experimental data found in the literature covered. The results showed that, above 4 MPa the Peng-Robinson equation presented a considerable deviation with respect to the experimental data, reaching an absolute error of 4.36%; therefore, the GERG2008 equation is recommended for systems that operate at high pressures when the components present in the mixture apply.Keywords:Gas Mixtures, Dew curves, Equations of State; Peng-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, GERG2008.ResumenEl éxito durante la operación de plantas de tratamiento de gas natural depende de la correcta estimación de las propiedades termodinámicas del sistema. Este artículo calcula las curvas de equilibrio de mezclas de gas natural reales y sintéticas por medio de tres ecuaciones de estado (EOS). Estas curvas de equilibrio fueron construidas y comparadas con datos experimentales presentes en la literatura. Los resultados mostraron que, por encima de 4 MPa la ecuación de Peng-Robinson presentó una desviación considerable con respecto a los datos experimentales, alcanzando un error absoluto de 4,36%; por lo cual se recomienda la ecuación de GERG2008 para sistemas que operen a altas presiones cuando los componentes presentes en la mezcla apliquen.Palabras clave:  Mezclas de gas, Curvas de rocío, Ecuaciones de estado, Peng-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, GERG2008.ResumoO sucesso na operação de usinas de tratamento de gás natural depende da correta estimação das propriedades termodinâmicas do sistema. Este artigo calcula as curvas de equilíbrio de misturas de gás natural reais e sintéticas por meio de três equações de estado (EOS). As curvas de equilíbrio foram construídas e comparadas com dados experimentais presentes na literatura. Os resultados mostraram que, acima de 4 Mpa a equação de Peng-Robinson apresentou um desvio considerável em relação aos dados experimentais, atingindo um erro absoluto de 4,36%; por tanto, é recomendável a equação de GERG2008 para sistemas que operam em alta pressão quando os componentes presentes no sistema apliquem.Palavras-chave:Misturas de gás, Curvas de orvalho, Equações de estado, Peng-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, GERG2008. 

scholarly journals Modeling Natural Gas Compressibility Factor Using a Hybrid Group Method of Data Handling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh ◽  
Sassan Hajirezaie ◽  
Mohamad Reza Soltanian ◽  
Amir Mosavi ◽  
Shahab Shamshirband
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Compressibility Factor ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir ◽  
Compression And Expansion ◽  
Natural Gas Transport ◽  
Gas Compressibility

A Natural gas is increasingly being sought after as a vital source of energy, given that its production is very cheap and does not cause the same environmental harms that other resources, such as coal combustion, do. Understanding and characterizing the behavior of natural gas is essential in hydrocarbon reservoir engineering, natural gas transport, and process. Natural gas compressibility factor, as a critical parameter, defines the compression and expansion characteristics of natural gas under different conditions. In this study, a simple second-order polynomial model based on the group method of data handling (GMDH) is presented to determine the compressibility factor of different natural gases at different conditions, using corresponding state principles. The accuracy of the model evaluated through graphical and statistical analyses. The results show that the model is capable of predicting natural gas compressibility with an average absolute error of only 2.88%, a root means square of 0.03, and a regression coefficient of 0.92. The performance of the developed model compared to widely known, previously published equations of state (EOSs) and correlations, and the precision of the results demonstrates its superiority over all other correlations and EOSs.

Fuel System Suitability Considerations for Industrial Gas Turbines

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Elliott ◽  
R. Kurz ◽  
C. Etheridge ◽  
J. P. O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbines

Industrial Gas Turbines allow operation with a wide variety of gaseous and liquid fuels. To determine the suitability for operation with a gas fuel system, various physical parameters of the proposed fuel need to be determined: heating value, dew point, Joule-Thompson coefficient, Wobbe Index, and others. This paper describes an approach to provide a consistent treatment for determining the above physical properties. Special focus is given to the problem of determining the dew point of the potential fuel gas at various pressure levels. A dew point calculation using appropriate equations of state is described, and results are presented. In particular the treatment of heavier hydrocarbons, and water is addressed and recommendations about the necessary data input are made. Since any fuel gas system causes pressure drops in the fuel gas, the temperature reduction due to the Joule-Thompson effect has to be considered and quantified. Suggestions about how to approach fuel suitability questions during the project development and construction phase, as well as in operation are made.

scholarly journals Structural and compositional analysis of (InGa)(AsSb)/GaAs/GaP Stranski–Krastanov quantum dots

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja S. R. Gajjela ◽  
Arthur L. Hendriks ◽  
James O. Douglas ◽  
Elisa M. Sala ◽  
Petr Steindl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Flash Memory ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Material System ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fe Simulations

AbstractWe investigated metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy grown (InGa)(AsSb)/GaAs/GaP Stranski–Krastanov quantum dots (QDs) with potential applications in QD-Flash memories by cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (X-STM) and atom probe tomography (APT). The combination of X-STM and APT is a very powerful approach to study semiconductor heterostructures with atomic resolution, which provides detailed structural and compositional information on the system. The rather small QDs are found to be of truncated pyramid shape with a very small top facet and occur in our sample with a very high density of ∼4 × 1011 cm−2. APT experiments revealed that the QDs are GaAs rich with smaller amounts of In and Sb. Finite element (FE) simulations are performed using structural data from X-STM to calculate the lattice constant and the outward relaxation of the cleaved surface. The composition of the QDs is estimated by combining the results from X-STM and the FE simulations, yielding ∼InxGa1 − xAs1 − ySby, where x = 0.25–0.30 and y = 0.10–0.15. Noticeably, the reported composition is in good agreement with the experimental results obtained by APT, previous optical, electrical, and theoretical analysis carried out on this material system. This confirms that the InGaSb and GaAs layers involved in the QD formation have strongly intermixed. A detailed analysis of the QD capping layer shows the segregation of Sb and In from the QD layer, where both APT and X-STM show that the Sb mainly resides outside the QDs proving that Sb has mainly acted as a surfactant during the dot formation. Our structural and compositional analysis provides a valuable insight into this novel QD system and a path for further growth optimization to improve the storage time of the QD-Flash memory devices.

scholarly journals Discussion on Water Dew Point and Hydrocarbon Dew Point of Natural Gas

2021 ◽  
Vol 651 (3) ◽  
pp. 032090
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Zou ◽  
Fengxia Huang ◽  
Liming Zhang ◽  
Tumeng Gele
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Dew Point

scholarly journals School-Time Movement Behaviors and Fundamental Movement Skills in Preschoolers: An Isotemporal Reallocation Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110131
Author(s):  
Clarice Maria de Lucena Martins ◽  
Cain Craig Truman Clark ◽  
Rafael Miranda Tassitano ◽  
Anastácio Neco de Souza Filho ◽  
Anelise Reis Gaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Movement Skills ◽  
School Time ◽  
Fundamental Movement Skills ◽  
Time Movement

Little is known of how reallocations of time spent in different movement behaviors during preschool might relate to preschoolers’ fundamental movement skills (FMS), a key predictor of later physical activity (PA). Thus, the aim of this study was to examine (a) whether preschoolers’ school-time movement was associated with their FMS and (b) the effects on FMS of reallocating time between PA and sedentary behavior (SB). This was a cross-sectional study, using intervention data with Brazilian low-income preschoolers. We observed Brazilian preschoolers of both sexes ( Mage = 4.5, SD = 0.8 years-old; 101boys) over 10 hours of school-time and objectively assessed their PA and SB with Actigraph wGT3X and their FMS with the Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition. We explored the associations between school-time movement behaviors and FMS and between reallocated school-time movement behaviors and FES using compositional analysis in R (version 1.40-1), robCompositions (version 0.92-7), and lmtest (version 0.9-35) packages. This isotemporal reallocation showed that, for manipulative skills, reallocating time (5, 10, and 15 minutes, respectively) from light PA to SB was associated with increasing skill (0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 FMS units), raising questions as to whether fine motor activity occurred during SB. Thus, school-time movement significantly predicted FMS, with a modest increase in SB, at the expense of light PA eliciting improved manipulative skills.

Technique and results of experimental determination of the compressibility factor of the natural gas

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Denis Y. Kutovoy ◽  
Igor A. Yatsenko ◽  
Vladimir B. Yavkin ◽  
Aydar N. Mukhametov ◽  
Petr V. Lovtsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Compressibility Factor ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
State Equations ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Compressibility Coefficient

The actual problem of the possibility of using the equations of state for the gas phase of natural gas at temperatures below 250 K is considered. To solve it, the compressibility coefficients of natural gas obtained experimentally with high accuracy are required. The technique was developed and experimental study was carried out of compressibility factor aiming expanding temperature range of the state equations GERG-2004 and AGA8-DC92. The proposed technique is based on the fact that to assess the applicability of the equation of state, it is sufficient to obtain the relative value of the compressibility coefficient and not to determine its absolute value. The technique does not require complex equipment and provides high accuracy. The technique was tested on nitrogen, argon, air and methane. Uncertainty of determination of the compressibility factor is not greater than 0.1 %. For two different compositions of natural gas, obtained experimental data were demonstrated that the equations of state GERG-2004 and AGA8-92DC provide uncertainty of the calculation of the compressibility coefficient within 0.1 % in the temperature range from 220 K to 250 K and pressure below 5 MPa.

Application of Machine Learning in Gas-Hydrate Formation and Trendline Prediction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celestine Udim Monday ◽  
Toyin Olabisi Odutola
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Hydrate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Flow Line ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Gas Hydrate Formation

Abstract Natural Gas production and transportation are at risk of Gas hydrate plugging especially when in offshore environments where temperature is low and pressure is high. These plugs can eventually block the pipeline, increase back pressure, stop production and ultimately rupture gas pipelines. This study seeks to develops machine learning models after a kinetic inhibitor to predict the gas hydrate formation and pressure changes within the natural gas flow line. Green hydrate inhibitor A, B and C were obtained as plant extracts and applied in low dosages (0.01 wt.% to 0.1 wt.%) on a 12meter skid-mounted hydrate closed flow loop. From the data generated, the optimal dosages of inhibitor A, B and C were observed to be 0.02 wt.%, 0.06 wt.% and 0.1 wt.% respectively. The data associated with these optimal dosages were fed to a set of supervised machine learning algorithms (Extreme gradient boost, Gradient boost regressor and Linear regressor) and a deep learning algorithm (Artificial Neural Network). The output results from the set of supervised learning algorithms and Deep Learning algorithms were compared in terms of their accuracies in predicting the hydrate formation and the pressure within the natural gas flow line. All models had accuracies greater than 90%. This result show that the application Machine learning to solving flow assurance problems is viable. The results show that it is viable to apply machine learning algorithms to solve flow assurance problems, analyzing data and getting reports which can improve accuracy and speed of on-site decision making process.

Development and Evaluation of a Mobile Plant to Prepare Natural Gas for Use in Foam Fracturing Treatments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Griffin Beck ◽  
Melissa Poerner ◽  
Kevin Hoopes ◽  
Sandeep Verma ◽  
Garud Sridhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
Mobile Plant ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Production Techniques

Hydraulic fracturing treatments are used to produce oil and gas reserves that would otherwise not be accessible using traditional production techniques. Fracturing treatments require a significant amount of water, which has an associated environmental impact. In recent work funded by the Department of Energy (DOE), an alternative fracturing process has been investigated that uses natural gas as the primary fracturing fluid. In the investigated method, a high-pressure foam of natural gas and water is used for fracturing, a method than could reduce water usage by as much as 80% (by volume). A significant portion of the work focused on identifying and optimizing a mobile processing facility that can be used to pressurize natural gas sourced from adjacent wells or nearby gas processing plants. This paper discusses some of the evaluated processes capable of producing a high-pressure (10,000 psia) flow of natural gas from a low-pressure source (500 psia). The processes include five refrigeration cycles producing liquefied natural gas as well as a cycle that directly compresses the gas. The identified processes are compared based on their specific energy as calculated from a thermodynamic analysis. Additionally, the processes are compared based on the estimated equipment footprint and the process safety. Details of the thermodynamic analyses used to compare the cycles are provided. This paper also discusses the current state of the art of foam fracturing methods and reviews the advantages of these techniques.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document