Successfully Optimizing Breakers in Polyacrylamides for Slickwater and High-Viscosity Fluids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarkis Kakadjian ◽  
Jarrett Kitchen ◽  
Amanda Flowers ◽  
John Vu ◽  
Amanuel Gebrekirstos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Active Material ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Pore Throat ◽  
Eagle Ford ◽  
Fracture Conductivity

Abstract Polyacrylamide-based friction reducers (FR's) - including viscosifying polyacrylamides, which are designed to decrease proppant settling by increasing molecular weight and/or active material in the FR - are used extensively in high-rate fracture stimulations. However, because polyacrylamides are difficult to break, there have been concerns about how these materials impact fracture conductivity and formation permeability. This study presents the effect of conventional and novel oxidative breakers over the viscosity and colloidal size distribution of the broken polymers. Breakers tested include conventional persulfates, perborates and patent pending peroxides, all of which generate free radicals to degrade partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (PHPAs). Breakers were tested at bottomhole temperatures encountered in the Permian, Bakken, Haynesville and Eagle Ford. Changes to PHPA viscosity were determined using vibrational viscometers. Size distributions and percentage of the broken colloidal PHPA were determined by dynamic light scattering. This method can measure sizes down to 0.6 nanometers, which is within the range of even the smallest pore-throat sizes in shales. Light scattering revealed surprising anomalies in breaker performance. When aged at temperatures typical of the Permian, each of the tested breakers at each of the varied concentrations caused similar levels of viscosity reduction but different size distributions. Some breakers had the unwanted effect of narrowing the colloidal size fractions to the lower end of the spectrum. At these small sizes, colloids are more likely to overlap with segments of the pore throat distribution in some shales, which could inhibit production. In addition, when the FR was aged at the higher temperatures encountered in the Bakken, Eagle Ford and Haynesville, some breakers were not able to uniformly break the PHPA. In these cases, FR's without breakers delivered superior performance. The results clearly demonstrate that breakers may not always have the desired effect of increasing the formation's permeability. In fact, depending on the type of breaker and the concentration, they can often have detrimental effects that ultimately hinder production.

Fish Processing Wastewater: Emission Factors and High Load Trickling Filters Evaluation

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Battistoni ◽  
G. Fava ◽  
A. Gatto
Keyword(s):  
Cross Flow ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Kinetic Reaction ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Frozen Fish

An Italian seafood factory processing frozen fish and fresh clams was investigated. Specific water consumption (SC) and pollutant emission factors (EF) are evaluated. Results evidence high SC values, in the range 18-74 1/Kg, due to defrost and extensive washing and cleaning practised; EFs appear high although not directly comparable with data reported by other authors. Two high-rate trickling filters, cross flow (CF) and vertical flow (VF), are examined over a two years period. Results suggest a pseudo half-order kinetic reaction with a superior performance of CF plastic media. From the elaboration of the experimental data a semiempirical correlation between specific surface removal (SSR) and operative parameters is obtained.

scholarly journals Oxygen-Deficient β-MnO2@Graphene Oxide Cathode for High-Rate and Long-Life Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouxiang Ding ◽  
Mingzheng Zhang ◽  
Runzhi Qin ◽  
Jianjun Fang ◽  
Hengyu Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Zinc Ion ◽  
Cycling Stability ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Long Life

AbstractRecent years have witnessed a booming interest in grid-scale electrochemical energy storage, where much attention has been paid to the aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs). Among various cathode materials for AZIBs, manganese oxides have risen to prominence due to their high energy density and low cost. However, sluggish reaction kinetics and poor cycling stability dictate against their practical application. Herein, we demonstrate the combined use of defect engineering and interfacial optimization that can simultaneously promote rate capability and cycling stability of MnO2 cathodes. β-MnO2 with abundant oxygen vacancies (VO) and graphene oxide (GO) wrapping is synthesized, in which VO in the bulk accelerate the charge/discharge kinetics while GO on the surfaces inhibits the Mn dissolution. This electrode shows a sustained reversible capacity of ~ 129.6 mAh g−1 even after 2000 cycles at a current rate of 4C, outperforming the state-of-the-art MnO2-based cathodes. The superior performance can be rationalized by the direct interaction between surface VO and the GO coating layer, as well as the regulation of structural evolution of β-MnO2 during cycling. The combinatorial design scheme in this work offers a practical pathway for obtaining high-rate and long-life cathodes for AZIBs.

Modeling Acid Fracturing Treatments with Multi-Stage Alternating Injection of Pad and Acid Fluids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rencheng Dong ◽  
Mary F. Wheeler ◽  
Hang Su ◽  
Kang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Fingering ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Carbonate Reservoirs ◽  
Acid Etching ◽  
Fracture Geometry ◽  
Fracture Conductivity ◽  
Acid Fracturing ◽  
Fracture Surfaces ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Multi Stage

Abstract Acid fracturing technique is widely applied to stimulate the productivity of carbonate reservoirs. The acid-fracture conductivity is created by non-uniform acid etching on fracture surfaces. Heterogeneous mineral distribution of carbonate reservoirs can lead to non-uniform acid etching during acid fracturing treatments. In addition, the non-uniform acid etching can be enhanced by the viscous fingering mechanism. For low-perm carbonate reservoirs, by multi-stage alternating injection of a low-viscosity acid and a high-viscosity polymer pad fluid during acid fracturing, the acid tends to form viscous fingers and etch fracture surfaces non-uniformly. To accurately predict the acid-fracture conductivity, this paper developed a 3D acid fracturing model to compute the rough acid fracture geometry induced by multi-stage alternating injection of pad and acid fluids. Based on the developed numerical simulator, we investigated the effects of viscous fingering, perforation design and stage period on the acid etching process. Compared with single-stage acid injection, multi-stage alternating injection of pad and acid fluids leads to narrower and longer acid-etched channels.

scholarly journals Polyaniline Nanofiber Wrapped Fabric for High Performance Flexible Pressure Sensors

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangning Liu ◽  
Ziqiang Zhou ◽  
Xingwu Yan ◽  
Xiang Meng ◽  
Hua Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Linear Range ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Wide Linear Range ◽  
Polyaniline Nanofiber ◽  
Flexible Pressure Sensors

The rational design of high-performance flexible pressure sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linear range attracts great attention because of their potential applications in wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces. Here, polyaniline nanofiber wrapped nonwoven fabric was used as the active material to construct high performance, flexible, all fabric pressure sensors with a bottom interdigitated textile electrode. Due to the unique hierarchical structures, large surface roughness of the polyaniline coated fabric and high conductivity of the interdigitated textile electrodes, the obtained pressure sensor shows superior performance, including ultrahigh sensitivity of 46.48 kPa−1 in a wide linear range (<4.5 kPa), rapid response/relaxation time (7/16 ms) and low detection limit (0.46 Pa). Based on these merits, the practical applications in monitoring human physiological signals and detecting spatial distribution of subtle pressure are demonstrated, showing its potential for health monitoring as wearable electronics.

Indoor Study of Viscosity Reducer for Thickened Oil of Huancai

2012 ◽  
Vol 268-270 ◽  
pp. 547-550
Author(s):  
Qing Wang Liu ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhong Fan ◽  
Jiao Wang ◽  
Rui Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Viscosity Reducer ◽  
Oil Water

Liaohe oil field block 58 for Huancai, the efficiency of production of thickened oil is low, and the efficiency of displacement is worse, likely to cause other issues. Researching and developing an type of Heavy Oil Viscosity Reducer for exploiting. The high viscosity of W/O emulsion changed into low viscosity O/W emulsion to facilitate recovery, enhanced oil recovery. Through the experiment determine the viscosity properties of Heavy Oil Viscosity Reducer. The oil/water interfacial tension is lower than 0.0031mN•m-1, salt-resisting is good. The efficiency of viscosity reduction is higher than 90%, and also good at 180°C.

scholarly journals Broadening the pore size of coal-based activated carbonviaa washing-free chem-physical activation method for high-capacity dye adsorption

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (26) ◽  
pp. 14488-14499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longxin Li ◽  
Fei Sun ◽  
Jihui Gao ◽  
Lijie Wang ◽  
Xinxin Pi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Dye Adsorption ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Pore Size Distributions ◽  
New Type

Aiming to overcome the limitations of the narrow pore size distributions of traditional activated carbon, we demonstrate a new type of activated carbon with a broadened pore size distribution for high-rate and high-capacity aqueous dye adsorption.

Mount Etna and the 1971 eruption - Lengths of lava flows

1973 ◽  
Vol 274 (1238) ◽  
pp. 107-118 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flow ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Depression Measurement ◽  
Lateral Extent ◽  
The One ◽  
Single Flow

The principal factor influencing the length of a lava flow is the rate of effusion. With a high rate the lava flows rapidly from the source and tends to form an extensive and far-reaching flow which is simple in character (i.e. made of a single flow unit). With a low rate the lava tends to pile up layer upon layer to form a local accumulation of limited lateral extent near the source, and this accumulation is strongly compound in character (i.e. divisible into flow units). The initial viscosity affects the length indirectly by controlling the thickness of the extrusion, and this thickness control is capable of accounting for the fact that the median length of low-viscosity basaltic extrusions is 3.2 times that of high-viscosity andesite, trachyte and rhyolite ones. Other factors, such as the local topography, are thought to be relatively unimportant, an exception being when lava is ponded in a topographic depression. Measurement of the rate of effusion may be critical in any attempt to predict the distance that a lava flow will travel, such as the one which threatened Fornazzo and other towns and villages on Etna in 1971.

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