Unlocking Production Potential through Sand Management What–If Analysis in Digital Fields

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nghia Tri Vo ◽  
Roland Hermann ◽  
Roberto Fuenmayor
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Sand Production ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
Sand Erosion ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Production Losses

Abstract Sand production associated with oil and gas producers is one of the oldest problems in the industry and is typically in unconsolidated sandstone formations. The stresses caused by the fluids flowing into the wellbore are often sufficient to produce fine sand particles. Sand production may cause operational problems such as disposal of produced sand, sand erosion of downhole and surface equipment, and loss of primary containment (LOPC), which is the most important reason for controlling sand production. In actual field operation, a sand management program is usually implemented to manage sand challenges which limits to monitoring and basic analysis. The proposed sand management solution in this paper performs sensitivity analysis (known as what–if scenarios) using model–based sand erosion calculation to analyze different possible operating scenarios with the objective of preventing and minimizing sand issues. The solution also helps to minimize risks related to well, facilities and avoiding cost or production losses due to sand production. It recommends the operational settings to achieve maximum production rates while ensuring operating within safe erosion limits and without sand deposition risk.

An Alternate Method to API RP 14E for Predicting Solids Erosion in Multiphase Flow

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenton S. McLaury ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Sand Production ◽  
Threshold Velocity ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Sand Erosion ◽  
Fluid Properties

One commonly used method for determining oil and gas production velocities is to limit production rates based on the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 14E (API RP 14E). This guideline contains an equation to calculate an “erosional” or a threshold velocity, presumably a flow velocity that is safe to operate. The equation only considers one factor, the density of the medium, and does not consider many other factors that can contribute to erosion in multiphase flow pipelines. Thus, factors such as fluid properties, flow geometry, type of metal, sand production rate and size distribution, and flow composition are not accounted for. In the present paper, a method is presented that has been developed with the goal of improving the procedure by accounting for many of the physical variables including fluid properties, sand production rate and size, and flowstream composition that affect sand erosion. The results from the model are compared with several experimental results provided in the literature. Additionally, the method is applied to calculate threshold flowstream velocities for sand erosion and the results are compared with API RP 14E. The results indicate that the form of the equation that is provided by the API RP 14E is not suitable for predicting a production flowstream velocity when sand is present. [S0195-0738(00)00203-X]

Numerical Analyses of the Effects of Bend Orientation on Sand Erosion in Elbows for Annular Flow

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Kang ◽  
Haixiao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Annular Flow ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir ◽  
Sand Erosion ◽  
Sand Particles

Abstract Sand erosion is a severe problem during the transportation of oil and gas in pipelines. The technology of multiphase transportation is widely applied in production, due to its high efficiency and low cost. Among various multiphase flow patterns, annular flow is a common flow pattern in the transportation process. During the transportation of oil and gas from the hydrocarbon reservoir to the final destination, the flow direction of the mixture in pipelines is mainly changed by the bend orientation. The bend orientation obviously changes the distributions of the liquid film and sand particles in annular flow, and this would further affect the sand erosion in elbows. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an efficient tool to investigate the issues of sand erosion in multiphase flow. In the present work, a CFD-based numerical model is adopted to analyze the effects of bend orientation on sand erosion in elbows for annular flow. Volume of Fluid (VOF) method is adopted to simulate the flow field of annular flow, and sand particles in the flow field are tracked by employing Discrete Particle Model (DPM) simultaneously. Then, the particle impingement information is combined with the erosion model to obtain the maximum erosion ratio. The present numerical model is validated by experiments conducted in vertical-horizontal upward elbows. Finally, the effects of various bend orientations on the erosion magnitude are investigated according to the numerical simulations.

scholarly journals Effect of Produced Sand Particles and Fines on Scale Inhibitor: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Uche C. Anyanwu ◽  
Gbenga F. Oluyemi
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Loose Sand ◽  
Scale Inhibitor ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Mathematical And Numerical Simulation

Application of scale inhibitors in oil and gas production is aimed at mitigating scale blockage during production. Many experimental, mathematical, and numerical simulation modeling works have been carried out to evaluate behavior, performance, and interaction of the scale inhibitor chemicals within porous media in relation to their efficiency in solving scale problem. However, the mechanisms underpinning scale inhibitors performance are not well published. Some research works have shown theoretically that not all scale inhibitors pumped into the formation adsorb onto the formation rock. Some of the inhibitors may adsorb on produced loose sand grains or colloidal fine sand particles which float and flow within the pore spaces along with the scale inhibitor mostly in unconsolidated reservoirs This paper provides a review of research work on the effect of produced loose sand or colloidal fine particles flow on polyphosphonates and polyphosphinopolymer scale inhibitors performances during crude production.

Predicting erosion in wet gas pipelines/elbows by mathematical formulations and computational fluid dynamics modeling

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (10) ◽  
pp. 1240-1260
Author(s):  
Ruben Cuamatzi-Meléndez ◽  
MA Hernandez Rojo ◽  
AO Vázquez-Hernández ◽  
Francisco L Silva-González
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Sand Erosion ◽  
Sand Particles ◽  
Modeling Strategy

Sand erosion has been identified as a potential damage and failure mechanism in pipelines/elbows employed to transport gas from wells to terminals. Erosion can cause localized material loss decreasing the structural integrity of pipelines/elbows leading to failure. As a result, sand erosion has been the object of much research work in the oil and gas industry. The prediction of erosion caused by sand transported by hydrocarbons flow is a difficult task due to the large number of variables involved. At present, a great number of empirical models have been developed to predict sand erosion in smaller diameter pipelines under laboratory conditions. Therefore, such formulations generally present uncertainties for their application in larger diameter pipelines employed to transport oil and gas because there is no fundamental basis showing how the empirical formulations can be extrapolated to large diameters pipelines as most of the models have been developed on the basis of elementary laboratory experiments, which may not represent the real sand erosion conditions. Furthermore, most of the analytical/empirical models were developed for specific pipeline/elbows diameters and cannot be employed to predict erosion in different engineering structures. Hence, in the present work a computational fluid dynamic modeling strategy is proposed, which incorporated fundamental physically erosion parameters to predict erosion in larger diameter pipelines/elbows. The methodology was applied to different elbows/pipelines diameters in order to investigate how pipeline's diameter, sand production rate, and sand particles sizes affect the erosion mechanism and the erosion rate. The results showed the importance of including fluid and flow conditions, sand particles trajectory, and self-particles movement. The computational fluid dynaimcs results were compared with those obtained with the most employed empirical models to predict sand erosion in the oil and gas industry models published in the literature, and it was shown that the proposed modeling strategy can be used to predict erosion in larger diameters pipelines/elbows with good results.

Main approaches to estimating the cost of shareholder equity of oil and gas producers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-697
Author(s):  
O.V. Shimko
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
The Cost

Subject. The study analyzes generally accepted approaches to assessing the value of companies on the basis of financial statement data of ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Devon Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, EOG Resources, Apache, Marathon Oil, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Husky Energy, Canadian Natural Resources, Royal Dutch Shell, Gazprom, Rosneft, LUKOIL, and others, for 1999—2018. Objectives. The aim is to determine the specifics of using the methods of cost, DFC, and comparative approaches to assessing the value of share capital of oil and gas companies. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis and generalization of materials of scientific articles and official annual reports on the results of financial and economic activities of the largest public oil and gas corporations. Results. Based on the results of a comprehensive analysis, I identified advantages and disadvantages of standard approaches to assessing the value of oil and gas producers. Conclusions. The paper describes pros and cons of the said approaches. For instance, the cost approach is acceptable for assessing the minimum cost of small companies in the industry. The DFC-based approach complicates the reliability of medium-term forecasts for oil prices due to fluctuations in oil prices inherent in the industry, on which the net profit and free cash flow of companies depend to a large extent. The comparative approach enables to quickly determine the range of possible value of the corporation based on transactions data and current market situation.

The Role of Oil and Gas in the Economic Development of the Global Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Factor Inputs ◽  
The Impact

This chapter is concerned with the role of oil and gas in the economic development of the global economy. It focuses on the context in which established and newer oil and gas producers in developing countries must frame their policies to optimize the benefits of such resources. It outlines a history of the issue over the last twenty-five years. It considers oil and gas as factor inputs, their role in global trade, the role of oil prices in the macroeconomy and the impact of the geopolitics of oil and gas. It then considers various conventional views of the future of oil and gas in the primary energy mix. Finally, it challenges the drivers behind these conventional views of the future with an emphasis on why they may prove to be different from what is expected and how this may change the context in which producers must frame their policy responses.

Accelerating oil and gas investment and reserves by design

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Barry A. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Land Access ◽  
Oil And Gas Exploration ◽  
Oil And Gas Producers ◽  
Crude Oil Prices ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations

Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence (Adams 1770). Some people unfamiliar with upstream petroleum operations, some enterprises keen to sustain uncontested land use, and some people against the use of fossil fuels have and will voice opposition to land access for oil and gas exploration and production. Social and economic concerns have also arisen with Australian domestic gas prices tending towards parity with netbacks from liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. No doubt, natural gas, LNG and crude-oil prices will vary with local-to-international supply-side and demand-side competition. Hence, well run Australian oil and gas producers deploy stress-tested exploration, delineation and development budgets. With these challenges in mind, successive governments in South Australia have implemented leading-practice legislation, regulation, policies and programs to simultaneously gain and sustain trust with the public and investors with regard to land access for trustworthy oil and gas operations. South Australia’s most recent initiatives to foster reserve growth through welcomed investment in responsible oil and gas operations include the following: a Roundtable for Oil and Gas; evergreen answers to frequently asked questions, grouped retention licences that accelerate investment in the best of play trends; the Plan for ACcelerating Exploration (PACE) Gas Program; and the Oil and Gas Royalty Return Program. Intended and actual outcomes from these initiatives are addressed in this extended abstract.

Improved CFD modeling and validation of erosion damage due to fine sand particles

Wear ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 338-339 ◽  
pp. 339-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Mansouri ◽  
Hadi Arabnejad ◽  
Soroor Karimi ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi ◽  
Brenton S. McLaury
Keyword(s):  
Fine Sand ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Erosion Damage ◽  
Sand Particles

Pipeline Dent Management Program

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Ironside ◽  
L. Blair Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
The Past

Enbridge Pipelines Inc. operates the world’s longest and most complex liquids pipeline network. As part of Enbridge’s Integrity Management Program In-Line Inspections have been and will continue to be conducted on more than 15,000 km of pipeline. The Inspection Programs have included using the most technologically advanced geometry tools in the world to detect geometrical discontinuities such as ovality, dents, and buckles. During the past number of years, Enbridge Pipelines Inc. has been involved in developing a method of evaluating the suitability of dents in pipelines for continued service. The majority of the work involved the development of a method of modeling the stresses within a dent using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The development and validation of this model was completed by Fleet Technology Limited (FTL) through several projects sponsored by Enbridge, which included field trials and comparisons to previously published data. This model combined with proven fracture mechanics theory provides a method of determining a predicted life of a dent based on either the past or future operating conditions of the pipeline. CSA Standard Z662 – Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems provides criteria for the acceptability of dents for continued service. There have been occurrences, however, where dents that meet the CSA acceptability criteria have experienced failure. The dent model is being used to help define shape characteristics in addition to dent depth, the only shape factor considered by CSA, which contribute to dent failure. The dent model has also been utilized to validate the accuracy of current In-Line Inspection techniques. Typically a dent will lose some of its shape as the overburden is lifted from the pipeline and after the indentor is removed. Often there can be a dramatic “re-rounding” that will occur. The work included comparing the re-rounded dent shapes from a Finite Element model simulating the removal of the constraint on the pipe to the measured dent profile from a mold of the dent taken in the field after it has been excavated. This provided a measure of the accuracy of the tool. This paper will provide an overview of Enbridge’s dent management program, a description of the dent selection process for the excavation program, and a detailed review of the ILI validation work.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document