High Density Gravel Packing Fluid for High-Temperature Deep Water Wells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayur Deshpande ◽  
Shamit Rathi ◽  
Sumit Songire ◽  
Ravikant Belakshe ◽  
John Davis
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
High Density ◽  
Carrier Fluid ◽  
Well Completion ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Sand Control ◽  
Gravel Packing

Abstract Southeast offshore India reservoirs have high-temperature deep water wells with significantly high pressures and unconsolidated sandstone formations. Controlling sand production is a major issue from inception to well completion and throughout the life of the well. A high density brine is required due to the high bottom hole pressures, thus executing sand control operations using such a high density brine as the base fluid for the gravel pack carrier fluid combined with the elevated temperatures is a significant challenge. A case is presented where a high-density temperature-resistant gravel packing fluid was optimized for a BHT of 320°F using a high-density brine. Additionally, the pH of the fluid was crucial considering the significant presence of CO2 in the formation, which was anticipated to affect asset integrity due to corrosion at low pH. A biopolymer-based fluid with oxidizing breaker was required in 14.2 ppg potassium-cesium formate brine and 12.5 ppg potassium formate brine. The fluid required evaluation for rheology and stability at 320°F, and at a shear rate of 170 s-1 with two conditions of viscosity to be sustained in the range of 75- 150 cP and 150-250 cP for the initial four-hour duration. The same fluid, after four hours, was also required to be broken within fourteen days. The fluid with the optimized formulation in regard with stability and rheology was further required to pass an acceptable sand suspension of ≤ 5% settling. Finally, the optimized fluid was required to show negligible corrosion effects on the downhole metallurgies. The stability and rheology were studied using a HPHT concentric cylinder viscometer. The sand suspension and corrosion characteristics were studied using an HPHT autoclave. The same fluid was studied with an acid breaker as a contingency for wells without CO2-related issues. After an extensive study, 12.72 gal/Mgal liquid gel concentrate of biopolymer when hydrated in 14.2 ppg and 15.45 gal/Mgal liquid gel concentrate of biopolymer, when hydrated in 12.5 ppg, providing viscosity in the range of 150-250 cP with 3 gal/Mgal and 5 gal/Mgal oxidizing breaker were selected, respectively. The optimized formulations passed sand suspension and had a pH in the range of 8-10, which imparted negligible corrosion loss to chrome- and nickel-based metallurgies. At the same conditions, the fluid showed acceptable results with 20 gal/Mgal organic acid breaker where the pH was ≤ 7. The combination of a commonly used biopolymer and a mixed formate brine produced a thermally stable fluid with unconventional chemistry, applicable for high-temperature, high-density conditions. With further study, it is expected that the temperature limit of this fluid can be extended beyond 320°F. The formulation for potassium formate brine was also tested at using field scale equipment to check for ease of mixing, reproducibility of results and for determining friction values when pumped at a certain rate via shunts. The fluid was mixed with relative ease using standard batch mixers and replicated the properties that were determined on a lab scale. The fluid also depicted superior proppant carrying capacities and lower friction numbers than expected which would enable lowering of overall surface pressures and surface pumping requirements.

The Feasibility for Potassium-Based Phosphate Brines To Serve as High-Density Solid-Free Well-Completion Fluids in High-Temperature/High-Pressure Formations

SPE Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (05) ◽  
pp. 2033-2046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Jia ◽  
Yao–Xi Hu ◽  
Shan–Jie Zhao ◽  
Jin–Zhou Zhao
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Pressure Coefficient ◽  
High Density ◽  
Well Drilling ◽  
Well Completion ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
Completion Fluids ◽  
High Temperature High Pressure

Summary Many oil and gas resources in deep–sea environments worldwide are often located in high–temperature/high–pressure (HT/HP) and low–permeability reservoirs. The reservoir–pressure coefficient usually exceeds 1.6, with formation temperature greater than 180°C. Challenges are faced for well drilling and completion in these HT/HP reservoirs. A solid–free well–completion fluid with safety density greater than 1.8 g/cm3 and excellent thermal endurance is strongly needed in the industry. Because of high cost and/or corrosion and toxicity problems, the application of available solid–free well–completion fluids such as cesium formate brines, bromine brines, and zinc brines is limited in some cases. In this paper, novel potassium–based phosphate well–completion fluids were developed. Results show that the fluid can reach the maximum density of 1.815 g/cm3 at room temperature, which makes a breakthrough on the density limit of normal potassium–based phosphate brine. The corrosion rate of N80 steel after the interaction with the target phosphate brine at a high temperature of 180°C is approximately 0.1853 mm/a, and the regained–permeability recovery of the treated sand core can reach up to 86.51%. Scanning–electron–microscope (SEM) pictures also support the corrosion–evaluation results. The phosphate brine shows favorable compatibility with the formation water. The biological toxicity–determination result reveals that it is only slightly toxic and is environmentally acceptable. In addition, phosphate brine is highly effective in inhibiting the performance of clay minerals. The cost of phosphate brine is approximately 44 to 66% less than that of conventional cesium formate, bromine brine, and zinc brine. This study suggests that the phosphate brine can serve as an alternative high–density solid–free well–completion fluid during well drilling and completion in HT/HP reservoirs.

Hydraulic Gravel Packing for Deep Water Wells

Ground Water ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
A. E. Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Gravel Packing

World Longest Single-Trip Multizone Cased Hole Gravel Packing with Alternate Path Shunt Tubes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pui Ling Chin ◽  
Nicholas Moses ◽  
Abdil Adzeem B Ahmad Mahdzan ◽  
Azfar Israa Abu Bakar ◽  
M. Abshar B. M. Nor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Job Evaluation ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Carrier Fluid ◽  
Sand Control ◽  
Bottom Hole Assembly ◽  
Zonal Isolation ◽  
Flow Charts ◽  
Gravel Packing ◽  
Time Required

Abstract A multizone cased hole completion with a bottom hole assembly of world-record length at 2,600 ft was installed in Malaysia in November 2019 where three zones were simultaneously gravel packed in a single trip utilizing shunt tube technology. This sand control completion was successfully executed with a combination of sand control pumping and sand control tools, unconventionally performed by two different service providers. The well consisted of three zones of interest approximately 1,000 ft apart. The bottomhole assembly was designed with two shunted cup packers for zonal isolation and shunted 12-gauge wire wrapped screens across each perforation. The shunts were left open ended below the cup packers, allowing the carrier fluid to exit the zone below with minimal friction. Downhole memory gauges were deployed along the washpipes for post job evaluation. Diligent lab testing was performed to select the carrier fluid, a clarified high-grade xanthan polymer with good 20/40 proppant suspension with less formation damage and acceptable dehydration to avoid bridging inside the shunts. Detailed risk assessment that was performed during the planning stage focusing on interfaces, equipment limitations, expediting, and decision flow charts between the two service providers led to flawless execution at the wellsite. Compared with conventional stack-pack completion, significant time savings of approximately seven days was observed with this single-trip design; the concept of open-ended shunts below the cup packers replaced the majority of the shunted blank pipes with standard blank pipes, eliminating the time required to install jumper tubes. Good results were observed during the injectivity test in addition to the well already having losses of 20 bbl/h. Hence, no acidizing was required prior to the gravel-packing operation. Based on surface monitoring, there was clear indication of sequential packing from the top zone to the bottom-most zone via shunt tubes, followed by a final screenout. Findings were further verified after performing the downhole bottomhole gauge analysis using the retrieved data from the memory gauges. The well has been in production since December 2019.

Multizone Openhole Gravel Packing with Enhanced Shunt Screens and Zonal Isolation in High-Rate Gas Wells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Markham ◽  
Alastair Michell ◽  
David Noblett ◽  
Bernard McCartan ◽  
Septiandi Sugiarto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Carrier Fluid ◽  
Shunt Tube ◽  
Sand Control ◽  
Zonal Isolation ◽  
Gravel Pack

Abstract A reliable single-trip openhole multizone completion can significantly lower capital expenditure (CAPEX) by reducing rig time and well count. Recent improvements in openhole packers and enhanced shunt screen technology have enabled multizone openhole gravel pack completions with complete zonal isolation. A multizone openhole gravel-pack completion was installed in the Julimar Field with an enhanced shunt screen system, shunted mechnaical packers (SMP) and shunt tube isolation valves (STIV), to provide improved operating pressure envelope and erosion tolerance. Well design was tailored to derisk the installation and optimize performance of the multizone completion. Extensive reliability testing was undertaken on all new technology for this project. Completions were installed as planned, and the main objectives of sand control integrity, production attainment, and complete zonal isolation with selective production were validated through post-job gravel-pack analysis and subsequent well unloading. The successful implementation of these technologies significantly reduced project CAPEX and enabled access to reserves that would otherwise have been uneconomical to recover. This paper discusses design, execution, and evaluation of the multizone openhole gravel pack (OHGP) completions installed in the Julimar Field. This includes methodology followed for multizone completion selection, development of a new high-temperature formate-based viscous gravel-pack carrier fluid, detailed completion equipment qualification tests, post-job gravel-pack evaluation, and initial well performance from well unload. It is the industry's first field case study of enhanced shunt screens with novel shunt tube isolation valves and high-temperature xanthan-based gravel-pack carrier fluid.

Latchup Immunity in High Temperature Bulk CMOS Devices

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (HITEN) ◽  
pp. 000215-000220
Author(s):  
R. Lowther ◽  
W. Morris ◽  
D. Gifford ◽  
D. Duff ◽  
R. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
High Volume ◽  
High Density ◽  
Bulk Silicon ◽  
Circuit Performance ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Commercial Off The Shelf ◽  
Typical Layout

High density, low power 180nm and 130nm CMOS SRAMs have been manufactured on bulk silicon wafers using a modified CMOS commercial process that hardens the junction isolation and has demonstrated latchup immunity at temperatures >200°C. TCAD simulations confirmed by high temperature testing indicate that a latch up free performance of SRAMs manufactured on bulk silicon modified by the HardSIL™ technology will easily extrapolate to 250°C. These process modifications result in significantly more robust CMOS circuits making them more suitable for highly reliable operations in extreme environments – such as radiation and high temperature. The unique capability of HardSIL™ technology to enhance existing IC products has demonstrated excellent results with several commercial circuits. This new approach enables the conversion of commercial off the shelf (COTS) circuits to hardened hi-rel commercial circuits with dramatically improved survivability to either radiation or high temperatures. Latchup immunity has been demonstrated on two high-density bulk silicon CMOS SRAMs: a 16Mbit asynchronous SRAM manufactured at the 180nm design node and an 8Mbit dual port synchronous SRAM manufactured at 130nm. Both parts were produced in a high-volume, low-defect commercial CMOS fabrication facility in the USA. The SRAM parts were packaged in ceramic packages and characterized at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 225°C. Characterization data indicates both excellent static leakage and dynamic circuit performance for both SRAMs at these elevated temperatures. Device test structures designed with typical layout spacing rules were evaluated to quantify latchup and isolate the various leakage mechanisms. Detailed results for these test structures are presented and compared to the SRAMs using the modified HardSIL™ process.

High-Temperature Instability of A Cr2Nb-Nb(Cr) Microlaminate Composite

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
M. Larsen ◽  
R.G. Rowe ◽  
D.W. Skelly
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Microstructural Stability ◽  
Elevated Temperature Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bcc Structure

Microlaminate composites consisting of alternating layers of a high temperature intermetallic compound for elevated temperature strength and a ductile refractory metal for toughening may have uses in aircraft engine turbines. Microstructural stability at elevated temperatures is a crucial requirement for these composites. A microlaminate composite consisting of alternating layers of Cr2Nb and Nb(Cr) was produced by vapor phase deposition. The stability of the layers at elevated temperatures was investigated by cross-sectional TEM.The as-deposited composite consists of layers of a Nb(Cr) solid solution with a composition in atomic percent of 91% Nb and 9% Cr. It has a bcc structure with highly elongated grains. Alternating with this Nb(Cr) layer is the Cr2Nb layer. However, this layer has deposited as a fine grain Cr(Nb) solid solution with a metastable bcc structure and a lattice parameter about half way between that of pure Nb and pure Cr. The atomic composition of this layer is 60% Cr and 40% Nb. The interface between the layers in the as-deposited condition appears very flat (figure 1). After a two hour, 1200 °C heat treatment, the metastable Cr(Nb) layer transforms to the Cr2Nb phase with the C15 cubic structure. Grain coarsening occurs in the Nb(Cr) layer and the interface between the layers roughen. The roughening of the interface is a prelude to an instability of the interface at higher heat treatment temperatures with perturbations of the Cr2Nb grains penetrating into the Nb(Cr) layer.

Phase transformation and layer evolution in molybdenum disilicide-silicon carbide nanolayered coatings

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 538-539
Author(s):  
H. Kung ◽  
T. R. Jervis ◽  
J.-P. Hirvonen ◽  
M. Nastasi ◽  
T. E. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Molybdenum Disilicide ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Good Oxidation Resistance ◽  
Structural Applications

MoSi2 is a potential matrix material for high temperature structural composites due to its high melting temperature and good oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. The two major drawbacksfor structural applications are inadequate high temperature strength and poor low temperature ductility. The search for appropriate composite additions has been the focus of extensive investigations in recent years. The addition of SiC in a nanolayered configuration was shown to exhibit superior oxidation resistance and significant hardness increase through annealing at 500°C. One potential application of MoSi2- SiC multilayers is for high temperature coatings, where structural stability ofthe layering is of major concern. In this study, we have systematically investigated both the evolution of phases and the stability of layers by varying the heat treating conditions.Alternating layers of MoSi2 and SiC were synthesized by DC-magnetron and rf-diode sputtering respectively. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) was used to examine three distinct reactions in the specimens when exposed to different annealing conditions: crystallization and phase transformation of MoSi2, crystallization of SiC, and spheroidization of the layer structures.

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