Oil and Gas Drill Bit Technology and Drilling Application Engineering Saves 77 Drilling Days on the World’s Deepest Engineered Geothermal Systems EGS Wells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cardoe ◽  
Gunnar Nygaard ◽  
Christopher Lane ◽  
Tero Saarno ◽  
Marc Bird
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Average Run Length ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Drill Bit ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Run Length ◽  
Run Lengths

Abstract An Engineered Geothermal System (EGS) pilot project was commissioned to prove the economic viability of an industrial scale geothermal heat plant in Finland. The project aims to generate 40 MW of emission free heat energy, supplying up to 10% of the city of Espoo’s district heating needs. Two wells of 6400 m MD and 6213 m MD (measured depth) were drilled through formations of hard, abrasive granitic gneiss with maximum measured 560 MPa UCS (unconfined compressive strength). Typical dull conditions of lost and worn cutting structure and gauge diameter wear of between 3/16-in to ¼-in contributed to excessive torque, stuck incidences, low rate of penetration (ROP) and difficulties achieving build rate. To address these drilling challenges, this paper explores the interplay between new cemented carbide compact technology, drill bit design, and drilling parameter road mapping. The directional section of the first well was drilled with an average ROP below 2 m/hr and run length averaging 56 m per bit. The well took 246 drilling days and 44 BHAs (bottom hole assemblies) to achieve TD (total depth). Between the first and second well an application specific drill bit design package and step-wise parameter program were implemented. Design enhancements included improved gauge protection, bit hydraulics for minimizing cone erosion and subsequent TCI (tungsten carbide insert) compact loss. Novel hybrid TCI materials technology was introduced having a 100% improvement in wear resistance and durability as compared with conventional grades, to drill these hard and abrasive granitic formations. New BHAs and drilling plan were selected based on the bit design selection to reduce wear on BHA components, improve directional control and reducing drilling dysfunctions. Once these factors were under control, a low risk approach to extending the bit revolution limits (krev) for the roller cone sealed bearings could be implemented based on downhole parameters and previous bit dulls, leading to longer run lengths. The combination of bit design and material enhancements with a properly selected BHA and drill plan increased run lengths and ROP. The second well’s 8.5-in directional section was drilled with a 13% increase in average ROP and a 69% increase in average run length without exceeding krev limits. Well on well, a 77 day reduction in AFE (authorization for expenditure) was realized. We demonstrated the combination of oil and gas bit and BHA design, drilling plan, and new cutting material capabilities can reduce EGS well construction costs in order to make these renewable energy sources economical.

scholarly journals Introduction to the geothermal play and reservoir geology of the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmen F. Mijnlieff
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Matrix Permeability ◽  
Sedimentary Aquifer

Abstract The Netherlands has ample geothermal resources. During the last decade, development of these resources has picked up fast. In 2007 one geothermal system had been realised; to date (1 January 2019), 24 have been. Total geothermal heat production in 2018 was 3.7 PJ from 18 geothermal systems. The geothermal sources are located in the same reservoirs/aquifers in which the oil and gas accumulations are hosted: Cenozoic, Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous, Triassic and Rotliegend reservoirs. Additionally, the yet unproven hydrocarbon play in the Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) Limestones delivered geothermal heat in two geothermal systems. This is in contrast to the Upper Cretaceous and Upper Carboniferous with no producing geothermal systems but producing hydrocarbon fields. Similar to hydrocarbon development, developing the geothermal source relies on fluid flow through the reservoir. For geothermal application a transmissivity of 10 Dm is presently thought to be a minimum value for a standard doublet system. Regional mapping of the geothermal plays, with subsequent resource mapping, by TNO discloses the areas with favourable transmissivity within play areas for geothermal development. The website www.ThermoGis.nl provides the tool to evaluate the geothermal plays on a sub-regional scale. The Dutch geothermal source and resource portfolio can be classified using geothermal play classification of, for example, Moeck (2014). An appropriate adjective for play classification for the Dutch situation would be the predominant permeability type: matrix, karst, fracture or fault permeability. The Dutch geothermal play is a matrix-permeability dominated ‘Hot Sedimentary Aquifer’, ‘Hydrothermal’ or ‘Intra-cratonic Conductive’ play. The Dutch ‘Hot Sedimentary Aquifer’ play is subdivided according to the lithostratigraphical annotation of the reservoir. The main geothermal plays are the Delft Sandstone and Slochteren Sandstone plays.

scholarly journals Run length distribution of dimerized kinesin-3 molecular motors: comparison with dimeric kinesin-1

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Si-Kao Guo ◽  
Xiao-Xuan Shi ◽  
Peng-Ye Wang ◽  
Ping Xie
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Motors ◽  
Average Run Length ◽  
Length Distribution ◽  
Dissociation Rate ◽  
Run Length ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Run Length Distribution ◽  
Run Lengths ◽  
Kinesin Superfamily ◽  
Single Exponential

AbstractKinesin-3 and kinesin-1 molecular motors are two families of the kinesin superfamily. It has been experimentally revealed that in monomeric state kinesin-3 is inactive in motility and cargo-mediated dimerization results in superprocessive motion, with an average run length being more than 10-fold longer than that of kinesin-1. In contrast to kinesin-1 showing normally single-exponential distribution of run lengths, dimerized kinesin-3 shows puzzlingly Gaussian distribution of run lengths. Here, based on our proposed model, we studied computationally the dynamics of kinesin-3 and compared with that of kinesin-1, explaining quantitatively the available experimental data and revealing the origin of superprocessivity and Gaussian run length distribution of kinesin-3. Moreover, predicted results are provided on ATP-concentration dependence of run length distribution and force dependence of mean run length and dissociation rate of kinesin-3.

An Optimal Design of the Synthetic Coefficient of Variation Chart Based on the Median Run Length

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150018
Author(s):  
Wai Chung Yeong ◽  
Sok Li Lim ◽  
Michael Boon Chong Khoo ◽  
Khai Wah Khaw ◽  
Peh Sang Ng
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Average Run Length ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Small Shift ◽  
Run Length ◽  
Ewma Chart ◽  
Synthetic Chart ◽  
Run Lengths

The synthetic coefficient of variation (CV) chart is currently evaluated based only on the average run length (ARL), but this paper evaluates the chart based on different percentiles of the run length, which shows that false alarms frequently happen earlier than that shown by the in-control ARL (ARL[Formula: see text], and for small sample sizes and shift sizes, the out-of-control condition is frequently detected before what is shown by the out-of-control ARL (ARL[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the run lengths show large variations. Hence, the chart’s performance could not be interpreted only in terms of the ARL. This paper proposes the median run length (MRL)-based design for the synthetic CV chart, which is not available in the literature. The MRL-based design shows larger MRL0 and ARL0, smaller MRL1 and ARL1, and less variation in the out-of-control run lengths compared to existing ARL-based designs. However, the in-control run lengths show more variation. Comparisons show that the synthetic chart outperforms the VSS and Shewhart charts, while comparison with the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) chart shows that although it outperforms the synthetic chart based on the ARL for small shift sizes, the synthetic chart shows better performance in terms of the MRL. The MRL-based synthetic chart is then implemented on an industrial example.

Average Run Lengths in Shewhart Type Charts for 2-Order Autoregressive Process

2010 ◽  
Vol 139-141 ◽  
pp. 1860-1863
Author(s):  
Qiu Xia Sun ◽  
Jian Li Zhao ◽  
Qi Sheng Gao
Keyword(s):  
Control Chart ◽  
Control Charts ◽  
Average Run Length ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Autoregressive Process ◽  
Run Length ◽  
Shewhart Control ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Run Lengths ◽  
Residual Control

In this paper the average run length is adopted as the tool to describe the performance of control charts. The respective methods for calculating the average run length of the modified Shewhart control chart and the Shewhart residual control chart for 2-order autoregressive process are derived and shown in detail. By the proposed approach some numerical results of average run lengths of both Shewhart type charts are formulated and discussed. We analyze and compare that the influence of the correlation coefficients of the 2-order autoregressive process on the performance of both charts based on the estimated data. Several clear and main points of the issue are summed up. Lastly, we give some recommendations for the choice of both Shewhart type control schemes.

Fracturing in HDR Geothermal System

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Al-Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Initial Crack ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Fluid Circulation ◽  
Fracture Permeability ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Electrical Generation

Geothermal systems have a big draw as a provider for free thermal energy for electrical generation. The resource based on fracture networks that permit fluid circulation, and allow geothermal heat to be extracted. Most geothermal resources occur in rocks that posses lack fracture permeability and fluid circulation. Hence, the fluid will be heated due to the Hot Dry Rock (HDR). The flow is circulated through the cracks, and extracts the heat to the ground. The emphasis of the simulators is on the HDR and on the development of methods that produce the hydraulic fractures. Linear elastic fracture mechanics approach (LEFM) was used to predict the crack propagation for initial crack. Finite element method (FEM) is used to predict the maximum stress areas, hence, determining the crack initiation.

scholarly journals Designing of an attribute control chart for two-stage process

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam ◽  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Kyung-Jun Kim ◽  
Chi-Hyuck Jun
Keyword(s):  
Control Chart ◽  
Average Run Length ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Run Length ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Run Lengths

In practice, the products can be manufactured through several stages. In this manuscript, we will propose an attribute control chart plotting the number of defectives for a two-stage process. The in-control average run length is derived and the out-of-control average run lengths are also analyzed according to the process shifts in the first and/or the second stage process. The tables of the average run lengths are given for various specified parameters. An example is given with synthetic data for the illustration of the proposed control chart.

scholarly journals Resource evaluation of geothermal power plant under the conditions of carboniferous deposits usage in the Dnipro-Donetsk depression

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 00006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Fyk ◽  
Volodymyr Biletskyi ◽  
Mokhammed Abbud
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Geothermal Potential ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Oil And Gas Wells

The objective of the work is to substantiate the actualization of the problem of obtaining geothermal energy from oil and gas wells of oil and gas production facilities in the central-eastern part of the Dnieper-Donetsk Depression (DDD). The research methodology is based on the collection and statistical processing geophysical data of the DDD oil and gas deposits, the use of balance equations for energy and substance matter. The main result of the work is that the principal technological scheme of the geothermal system has been developed and the geothermal potential of oil and gas wells in the experimental zone has been analyzed. There have been considered the technological and ecological aspects of geothermal heat usage from depleted deposits of the DDD wells, which were disclosed into Carboniferous deposits productive horizons.

An Attribute np Control Chart for Monitoring Mean Life Using Multiple Deferred State Sampling Based on Truncated Life Tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1950004
Author(s):  
S. Balamurali ◽  
P. Jeyadurga
Keyword(s):  
Control Chart ◽  
Pareto Distribution ◽  
Average Run Length ◽  
Run Length ◽  
Manufacturing Process Control ◽  
The Status ◽  
Truncated Life Test ◽  
Life Tests ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Run Lengths

In this paper, we design an attribute [Formula: see text] control chart for monitoring the mean life of the product where the lifetime follows the Pareto distribution of the second kind. The lifetime of the product is determined by time truncated life test and the multiple deferred state sampling is used to declare the status of the manufacturing process. Control limit coefficients and multiple deferred state sampling parameters such as sample size and number of successive subgroups required to declare the state of the process are determined such that the in-control average run length is as near as possible to the target average run length. Out-of-control average run lengths are calculated for the determined parameters using various shift constants. The performance of the chart is compared with other existing chart in terms of average run length.

Independent Assessment of Current Floater Concepts for Floating Wind Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Singhal ◽  
Aengus Connolly ◽  
Manuel Laranjinha ◽  
Colin McKinnon ◽  
Alan Mortimer
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Technology Improvement

Most of the offshore wind developments to date, globally, have been bottom-fixed foundations located in shallow waters (<30m water depth) and in close proximity to shore. However, as technology improves and as space for near-shore sites decreases, offshore wind development is projected to trend towards deeper waters. Floating wind is thus expected to become one of the leading renewable energy sources over the next decade or so. Notably, the success of pilot projects in Europe has confirmed the viability of floating wind technology, drawing in additional developers to the market. In the United States, there is a significant potential for floating offshore wind off the coast of California, Maine, and Hawaii. While the majority of current floating wind activity is concentrated in <200m water depth, further technology improvement coupled with experience from floating oil and gas developments will lead to even deeper floating wind projects in the future. One key aspect for floating wind technology is the floater foundation that will support the wind turbine assembly. The entire unit will be moored to the seabed and be subject to challenging environment conditions throughout its service life (akin to a floating oil and gas production facility). There are several floating wind concepts currently in the market - a handful are field-proven at pilot project scale but the majority are still in development phase, each with their own unique offering. The purpose of this paper is to perform an independent qualitative assessment of the current floating wind concepts. The assessment will focus on aspects related to technology readiness, design complexity and scalability, material selection, constructability, installation, operations, and maintenance. This paper provides the offshore wind industry with an unbiased opinion on available designs as well as an insight into perceived challenges for future developments. As a disclaimer, it is noted that Wood has utilized public-domain information for this study and has no preference towards any existing floating wind concepts or designs.

PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
O. M. Salamov ◽  
F. F. Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Gaseous Fuels

The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.

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