Successful Mitigation of Fracture Hits in High-Pressure Stimulation using Bottomhole Gauges and an Optimized Engineering Design, Offshore Black Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrijel Grubac ◽  
Radu Patrascu ◽  
Peter Janiczek ◽  
Bartlomiej Kolasa
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Black Sea

Design Method about Spherical Diaphragm Sealing of Tube Channel in High Pressure Heat Exchanger

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 2164-2168
Author(s):  
Sun Yi Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Design Technology ◽  
Engineering Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tube Channel

Spherical diaphragm seal dish of tube channel open end in high pressure heat exchanger is a new engineering structure that used in petrochemical hydrogenation unit, and its design technology is not reported now. It is inconvenience to analyze each case by limited element method. Design method of formulas is proposed to calculate both radial offset displacement and its thickness of spherical diaphragm based on shell elasticity mechanics. Relation formulas are deduced about arch height, open end radius, offset displacement by geometry. Two presuppositions are deduced for spherical diaphragm successful to run according to technology theory and function analysis of seal dish structure, which can be used for engineering design.

scholarly journals Some Meteorological Aspects of Severe Agricultural Drought in the Northern Black Sea Region in 2019–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Inna Semenova
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Pressure Fields ◽  
Synoptic Conditions

An overview of the meteorological and synoptic conditions for the formation of the severe drought which occurred in 2019–2020 in the southwest of Ukraine showed that the combination of several adverse factors influenced the evolution of the drought over a long period of time. Analysis of two types of drought indices and anomalies in the tropospheric pressure fields showed that the formation of a precipitation deficit began long before the occurrence of drought, due to the repetition of high pressure fields in the region, through which the intensity of the drought increased gradually.

Stretching Well Engineering Design Standard Limit for Fit for Purpose High Pressure Well Architecture and Delivery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Nadia Ezzatty Abu Bakar ◽  
Raja Muhammad Hafizi Raja Ismail ◽  
M. Faisal Rameli ◽  
Khairul Amir Khazali-Rosli
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Standard ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Standard Limit

Fracture Hits Mitigated Successfully in High-Pressure Stimulation Offshore Black Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (06) ◽  
pp. 51-52
Author(s):  
Judy Feder
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Reservoir Pressure ◽  
Fracture Simulation ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Geomechanical Analysis ◽  
Pressure Depletion ◽  
Fracture Growth

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 201422, “Successful Mitigation of Fracture Hits in High-Pressure Stimulation Using Bottomhole Gauges and an Optimized Engineering Design, Offshore Black Sea,” by Gabrijel Grubac, SPE, Radu Patrascu, and Peter Janiczek, SPE, OMV, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Denver, Colorado, 5–7 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper presents a case study of fracture interaction mitigation in a multistage horizontal stimulation of an offshore Black Sea well. The authors discuss a multifaceted approach in applying lessons learned and pre-job geomechanical analysis of depletion-induced stress differential and its effects on fracture interactions. Intrastage fracture interference presents unique challenges that typically are managed on a case-by-case basis. This study aims to present critical analyses that are paramount to planning stimulation treatments in highly depleted segments and reservoirs with close-proximity wells. Project Background The operating company began a field redevelopment project in 2013 for a field in the Black Sea that was already producing from horizontal wells with multi-staged fractured wells. The project comprises three treatment wells (A, B, and C) and seven offset wells (1 through 7). Because of time-critical operations and related costs, the original treatment wells and sidetracks (5,000-m-long measured depth horizontals) were completed with multistage stimulation sleeves and were operated by a ball-drop system from the surface. Infill drilling was implemented with the newly added sidetracks because of the maturity of the field and the desire to optimize the hydrocarbon drainage process. Well C was the first infill well. A multi stage fracturing campaign for Well C began in 2015. The complete paper presents a detailed discussion of issues—including strong fracture communication—identified, and mitigation steps attempted, during the infill project. Various simulation methods and depletion models that were tried and later rejected are also discussed. Several investigations were begun into how to predict, and subsequently avoid, fracture-driven interactions. Industry practice with huge quantities of water injection in the offset wells was not feasible because of the already-low economics of the treatment wells. A half-iterative process between reservoir modeling and fracture modeling was begun, and an actual reservoir pressure-depletion map was created on a sector basis. Similarly, the fractures were simulated using a grid-oriented fracture simulator in full 3D. Using this approach, it was also possible to match previously identified communication between wells and highly nonsymmetric fracture growth. The initial plan for the recent multi-stage fracturing campaign was to drill all wells closer in time to reduce localized depletion and to allow initial fractures from offset wells to act as a stress barrier to mitigate fracture growth in the direction of those wells. A matched reservoir and geomechanical model was used for the fracture simulation, and the actual depletion map for different time regimes was introduced. It was decided to redesign the fracture treatments and to shut in the offset wells 36 hours before the treatment, and to keep them shut in during the entire stimulation operation. At that point, it became clear that reservoir pressure depletion was one of the main causes of communication and also impeded optimal fracture geometries and hydrocarbon recovery.

Existing Methods in Ductile Fracture Propagation Control for High-Strength Gas Transmission Pipelines

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Kui Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Ductile Fracture ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Battelle Memorial Institute ◽  
Pipeline Steels ◽  
Transmission Pipelines

Ductile fracture propagation control is one of the most important technologies adopted in engineering design for high-pressure, high-strength gas transmission pipelines. In the early 1970s, Battelle Memorial Institute developed a two-curve model that is now commonly referred to as BTCM for dynamic ductile fracture control analysis. The BTCM has been applied successfully for determining the minimum fracture toughness required to arrest a running ductile fracture in a gas transmission pipeline in terms of Charpy vee-notched (CVN) impact energy. Practice showed that BTCM is accurate only for pipeline grades up to X65, and becomes invalid for high strength pipeline steels like X70, X80 and X100. Since 1990s, different correction methods for improving the BTCM have been proposed. However, a commonly accepted method is not available yet for the high strength pipeline steels in grades X80 and above. This paper reviews and evaluates the primary existing methods in determination of fracture arrest toughness for ductile pipeline steels. These include the CVN energy-based methods, the drop-weight tear test (DWTT) energy-based methods, the crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) method, and finite element numerical analysis methods. The purpose is to identify a method to be used in engineering design or to be investigated further for determining the minimum fracture toughness to arrest a ductile running crack in a modern high-pressure, high-strength gas pipeline.

GPU-Enabled High-Fidelity LES Simulations for Turbomachinery Flows

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Osusky ◽  
Rathakrishnan Bhaskaran ◽  
Dheeraj Kapilavai ◽  
Greg Sluyter ◽  
Sriram Shankaran
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
High Pressure Turbine ◽  
Large Engine ◽  
Design Cycle ◽  
High Fidelity Simulations

Abstract Engineers performing computational simulations of flow physics are often faced with a trade-off between turn-around time and accuracy. High-fidelity models that can accurately capture small details of flow, such as turbulent mixing, are typically too expensive and are therefore reserved for studying smaller, component level problems. Standard models, like Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and Unsteady-RANS, are used to predict larger interactions without the ability to accurately compute the small scales, at a lower computational cost than high-fidelity models. However, with specific algorithmic choices and access to large-scale GPU systems, we can demonstrate high-fidelity simulations of large engine sections that can be completed within engineering design cycle turn-around times, instead of the typical weeks to months required for high fidelity simulations. In this paper we present the high-order GENESIS code, employed in the simulation of complex turbulent flows inside the high-pressure turbine of a jet engine. The code efficiently exploits GPU accelerators to execute high-fidelity simulations, while also demonstrating extraordinary accuracy validated by experimental data and previous RANS model predictions. This is demonstrated for a three-dimensional high-pressure turbine stator domain, for which the LES is able to accurately predict wake mixing and temperature distribution, factors that are critical for designing durable turbine components. The new capability allows for computational studies of phenomena such as laminar to turbulent transition and wake mixing, all applied to relevant three-dimensional geometries present in the high-pressure turbine, all within the time scale of a typical engineering design cycle.

High-pressure freezing of cells in suspension for low-voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM)

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 64-65
Author(s):  
Marek Malecki ◽  
James Pawley ◽  
Hans Ris
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Freeze Substitution ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
High Pressure Freezing ◽  
Cell Culture Media ◽  
Voltage Scanning

The ultrastructure of cells suspended in physiological fluids or cell culture media can only be studied if the living processes are stopped while the cells remain in suspension. Attachment of living cells to carrier surfaces to facilitate further processing for electron microscopy produces a rapid reorganization of cell structure eradicating most traces of the structures present when the cells were in suspension. The structure of cells in suspension can be immobilized by either chemical fixation or, much faster, by rapid freezing (cryo-immobilization). The fixation speed is particularly important in studies of cell surface reorganization over time. High pressure freezing provides conditions where specimens up to 500μm thick can be frozen in milliseconds without ice crystal damage. This volume is sufficient for cells to remain in suspension until frozen. However, special procedures are needed to assure that the unattached cells are not lost during subsequent processing for LVSEM or HVEM using freeze-substitution or freeze drying. We recently developed such a procedure.

Prolonged Fixation Studies For Spaceflight

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
Robert Corbett ◽  
Delbert E. Philpott ◽  
Sam Black
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Early Signs ◽  
Large Numbers

Observation of subtle or early signs of change in spaceflight induced alterations on living systems require precise methods of sampling. In-flight analysis would be preferable but constraints of time, equipment, personnel and cost dictate the necessity for prolonged storage before retrieval. Because of this, various tissues have been stored in fixatives and combinations of fixatives and observed at various time intervals. High pressure and the effect of buffer alone have also been tried.Of the various tissues embedded, muscle, cartilage and liver, liver has been the most extensively studied because it contains large numbers of organelles common to all tissues (Fig. 1).

Cryosectioning plant roots prepared by high-pressure freezing

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 662-663
Author(s):  
R.E. Crang ◽  
M. Mueller ◽  
K. Zierold
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
High Pressure Freezing ◽  
Vitreous State ◽  
Radial Depth ◽  
Irregular Topography ◽  
Considerable Depth ◽  
Conventional Freezing

Obtaining frozen-hydrated sections of plant tissues for electron microscopy and microanalysis has been considered difficult, if not impossible, due primarily to the considerable depth of effective freezing in the tissues which would be required. The greatest depth of vitreous freezing is generally considered to be only 15-20 μm in animal specimens. Plant cells are often much larger in diameter and, if several cells are required to be intact, ice crystal damage can be expected to be so severe as to prevent successful cryoultramicrotomy. The very nature of cell walls, intercellular air spaces, irregular topography, and large vacuoles often make it impractical to use immersion, metal-mirror, or jet freezing techniques for botanical material.However, it has been proposed that high-pressure freezing (HPF) may offer an alternative to the more conventional freezing techniques, inasmuch as non-cryoprotected specimens may be frozen in a vitreous, or near-vitreous state, to a radial depth of at least 0.5 mm.

Resolution and measurement in the scanning electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 534-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Postek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Instrument Resolution ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The term ultimate resolution or resolving power is the very best performance that can be obtained from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) given the optimum instrumental conditions and sample. However, as it relates to SEM users, the conventional definitions of this figure are ambiguous. The numbers quoted for the resolution of an instrument are not only theoretically derived, but are also verified through the direct measurement of images on micrographs. However, the samples commonly used for this purpose are specifically optimized for the measurement of instrument resolution and are most often not typical of the sample used in practical applications.SEM RESOLUTION. Some instruments resolve better than others either due to engineering design or other reasons. There is no definitively accurate definition of how to quantify instrument resolution and its measurement in the SEM.

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