Performance Evaluation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid CNSL as Flow Improver for Waxy Crude Oils

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Iheanyi Eke ◽  
Ozioma Achugasim ◽  
Samuel E. Ofordile ◽  
Joseph .A. Ajienka ◽  
Onyewuchi Akaranta
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Waxy Crude ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Waxy Crude Oils ◽  
Flow Improver

scholarly journals Study of linseed oil, its biodiesel and xylene as flow improver for Nigerian waxy crude oils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogunkunle Temitope Fred ◽  
Abraham Victoria Damilola ◽  
Adebisi Abimbola Ashonibare ◽  
Rukayat Adenike ◽  
Tega-oboh Elohor Sylvia
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Waxy Crude ◽  
Waxy Crude Oils ◽  
Flow Improver

Experimental Investigation of Rheological Behaviors and Flow Improving by Chemical for Waxy Crude Oils

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqiang Jing ◽  
Zhongyuan Guan ◽  
Xiaoqin Xiong ◽  
Hua Tian ◽  
Liwen Tan
Keyword(s):  
Structure Formation ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
Rheological Behaviors ◽  
Waxy Crude ◽  
Waxy Crude Oils ◽  
Flow Improver ◽  
Wax Crystals

It has been proved that the flow improver makes the transportation of waxy crude oils in pipeline much more economic and safe, but so far an universal flow improver for various waxy crude oils has not been found because of inadequately understanding the action mechanism of the flow improvers. Therefore it is necessary for the mechanism to be studied further. A series of synthetic waxy oils (SWOs) with or without flow improver GY1, a long chain alkyl acrylate polymer based chemical, are prepared from 25# transformer oil, 50#, 60# (macrocrystalline) and 80# (microcrystalline) wax, single or mixed, and in some cases 60# road asphalt by mixing the ingredients at 100°C for 1 hour. Characteristic temperatures, viscosity-temperature properties and rheological behaviors are studied by using rheological techniques, and microstructures of wax crystals grown from SWOs at 20 °C are analyzed by using a polarization microscopy. Some abnormal viscosity-temperature properties of SWOs are found, which mainly results from wax crystallization and network structure formed by wax crystals. The mechanisms involved in the structure formation and fluidity improved by chemical for SWOs are discussed here. Studies show that the structure formation is followed by the formation of crystal nuclei, growth and interconnection or bridging of the wax crystal particles, which is closely relevant to wax molecular dimension and content, crystalline particle size, shape, concentration and surface characteristics. GY1 added into the SWOs lowers their cloud points by 0–2.0 °C and enhances the amounts of wax precipitated at 30 °C by 10–35wt%, which might not be involved in the mechanisms of the fluidity improving under this study. The extent of pour point depression by GY1 increases with increasing the wax molecular size and decreasing the wax content in the SWOs. As long as the SWO treated by GY1 has a greater yield stress reduction at the temperature closed to its pour point, its viscosity and pour point reduction will be more obvious. The common shortcut of pour point depression and viscosity reduction is to inhibit or desintegrate the formation of paraffin crystal network. The mechanisms involved in fluidity improvement of waxy crude oils by chemicals include modifying surface properties of waxy crystals and promoting crystal particle growth with higher symmetry.

scholarly journals A study on cashew nut shell liquid as a bio-based flow improver for heavy crude oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2287-2297
Author(s):  
Sivakumar Pandian ◽  
Patel Chintan Dahyalal ◽  
Shanker Krishna ◽  
S. Hari ◽  
Deepalakshmi Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Remarkable Improvement ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Heavy Crude ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Flow Improver

AbstractTransportation of heavy crude oil through pipelines poses a great challenge in oil and gas industry. Crude oil chokes the pipelines when the temperature drops below the pour-point temperature. In the present study, a bio-based additive, i.e., Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) has been tested as a flow improver for heavy crude. CNSL was obtained from waste cashew nut shell by means of mechanical extraction, and it was completely characterized. Similarly, the crude oil used in the study was characterized for its physio-chemical properties. Also, the crude oil was subjected to Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltene analysis and Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis. The raw and additive-treated crude oil with different CNSL dosages were subjected to pour-point and rheology measurements and optical micro-imaging analysis which indicated a remarkable improvement in flow whereby an optimum dose of 2000 ppm was observed. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters like shear rate, concentration of the flow improver and the effect of temperature on the crude oil flowability were studied. The process variables were optimized by means of Taguchi method, and the percentage contribution of each parameter was identified with the help of ANOVA table. The results indicate that a remarkable improvement in flow was observed at an optimum dose of 2000 ppm. The contribution of the concentration was found to be around 53%, whereas the contributions of the shear rate and the temperature were only 18.08 and 28.91%, respectively. Therefore, it has been observed that CNSL flow improvers extracted from cheap reasonable resources are more effective as they are cost-effective and eco-friendly when compared to conventional additives.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of a Developed Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Expeller

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Elijah Oladimeji Aina ◽  
Alex Folami Adisa ◽  
Tajudeen Mukaila Adeniyi Olayanju ◽  
Salami Olasunkanmi ismaila
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Pressing Time ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Extraction Parameters ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

AbstractThe thick vesicant oil liquid contained in the shell of cashew nut, called cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), has been known for its innumerable applications in chemical industries. Performance evaluation of a newly developed CNSL expeller was carried out to determine the effect of moisture content and pressing duration on extraction parameters. The nut shells were grouped as A: 14.00-16.99%, B: 17.00-19.99% and C: 20.00-22.99% (w.b.) moisture content at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 minutes pressing time and combination of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 kg of cashew nut shells. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the stastical analysis. The best mass of liquid extracted, best extraction efficiency and best percentage oil recovery occured at pressing duration of 10 minutes and moisture content of 14.00-16.99% (w.b.), while the best machine capacity was at pressing duration of 2 minutes and moisture content of 14.00-16.99% (w.b.). Results showed that the effects of the pressing duration and moisture content on mass of liquid extracted, machine capacity, extraction efficiency and percentage liquid recovery were significant at 0.05. Meanwhile, the effects of the pressing duration and moisture contents were not significant for the feed rate. Increase in the pressing duration at decreasingthe moisture content resulted in the increase in the mass of liquid extracted, extraction efficiency and percentage liquid recovery while increase in pressing duration and moisture content resulted in decrease in machine capacity of the expeller.

scholarly journals Pour point depression and flow improvement of waxy crude oil using polyethylene glycol esters of cashew nut shell liquid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Iheanyi Eke ◽  
Sampson Kofi Kyei ◽  
Ozioma Achugasim ◽  
Joseph Atubokiki Ajienka ◽  
Onyewuchi Akaranta
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Crystal Morphology ◽  
Micro Structure ◽  
Waxy Crude Oil ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Waxy Crude ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Wax Crystal ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

AbstractWax crystallization and deposition is a major flow assurance problem in production and transportation of waxy crude oil. Conventional flow improvers are mainly high molecular weight synthetic polymers, many of which are eco-toxic. Bio-based flow improvers derived from natural products are promising as inexpensive, eco-friendly alternatives to existing products. In this study, natural cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) extracted from waste shells of Anacardium occidentale was esterified with polyethylene glycol (PEG). CNSL derivative reduced the pour point of waxy crude oil by 12 °C at 1000 ppm. The effects of CNSL derivatives on wax crystal morphology and micro-structure were studied by cross-polarized microscopy. Micrographs were processed and analyzed with ImageJ software. Addition of CNSL derivatives to oil resulted in changes in wax crystal morphology and micro-structure evidenced by a reduction in average crystal Feret diameter and aspect ratio and increase in boundary fractal dimension, indicative of formation of increasing number of smaller, rounder crystals. Effect of the additives on flow properties of the waxy oil was determined using a co-axial cylinder rotational viscometer. Dynamic viscosity of oil at shear rate of 17 s−1 was reduced by 79.7–90.5%. CNSL-PEG esters show good prospects as low-cost additives for production, storage and pipeline transportation of waxy crude oil.

Glycerol-modified cashew nut shell liquid as eco-friendly flow improvers for waxy crude oil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
William Iheanyi Eke ◽  
Ozioma Achugasim ◽  
Joseph Ajienka ◽  
Onyewuchi Akaranta
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Waxy Crude Oil ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Waxy Crude ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell
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