Parameter Accuracy Required for Real-Time Fracture Geometry Simulation

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Elbel
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darien G. O'Brien ◽  
Robert T. Larson ◽  
Ron Parham ◽  
Blane L. Thingelstad ◽  
William W. Aud ◽  
...  

Geophysics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. D73-D81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javid Shiriyev ◽  
Yaniv Brick ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Ali E. Yilmaz ◽  
Carlos Torres-Verdín ◽  
...  

The monitoring and diagnostics of induced fractures are important for the real-time performance evaluation of hydraulic fracturing operations. Previous electromagnetic-based studies show that single backbone triaxial induction logging tools are promising candidates for real-time monitoring and diagnosis of fractures in noncased wells. With a fast-forward solver and reliable parametric inversion techniques, it may be possible to estimate many features of the propped fracture geometry (e.g., area, dip, conductivity) from the measured induced voltages. To support the development of field deployable tools, the concept must be tested in experiments, in a controllable environment, before it is tested under field-like conditions. To this end, we have designed and built a prototype induction tool and performed two sets of tests to compare with numerical simulation results. The experimental setup consists of triaxial transmitter and receiver coils in coaxial, coplanar, and cross-polarized configurations. Thin (highly conductive) metallic targets of various sizes, shapes, and orientations are used to emulate various fracture geometries. The laboratory and shallow earth measurements are shown to be in good agreement with simulations for all examined cases. The average relative and maximum discrepancies of the measured signals from the simulated ones are lower than 3% and 10%, respectively. With the prototype tool, strong signals sensitive to the fracture’s surface area and dip are measured in a coaxial coil configuration, whereas weaker signals sensitive to the fracture’s aspect ratio are observed in a coplanar configuration. Cross-polarized signals are also shown to be strong and sensitive to the fracture’s dip. The results suggest that a tool of similar specifications can be used for the detection and extraction of the parameters of fractures propped with sufficiently electrically conductive proppant.


2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darien Gerard O'Brien ◽  
Robert Thomas Larson ◽  
Ron Parham ◽  
Blane Lee Thingelstad ◽  
William Wayne Aud ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Rashid Al-Jahdhami ◽  
Juan Carlos Chavez ◽  
Shaima Abdul Aziz Al-Farsi

Abstract The use of fiber optic (FO) to obtain distributed sensing be it Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS), Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) or Distributed Strain Sensing (DSS) is a well & reservoir surveillance engineer's dream. The ability to obtain real-time live data has proven useful not only for production monitoring but during fracture stimulation as well. A trial the first of its kind in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) used fiber optic cable cemented in place behind casing to monitor the fracture operations. Several techniques are used to determine fracture behaviour and geometry e.g. data fracs, step down test and after closure analysis. All these use surface pressure readings that can be limited due to uncertainty in friction pressure losses and the natural complexity in the formation leading to very different interpretations. Post frac data analysis and diagnostics also involves importing the actual frac data into the original model used to design the frac in order to calibrate the strains (tectonics), width exponent (frac fluid efficiency) and the relative permeability. Monitoring the frac using DAS and DTS proved critical in understanding a key component in fracture geometry; frac height. The traditional method to determine fracture height is to use radioactive tracers (RA). But these are expensive and the data only available after the job (after drilling the plugs and cleaning the wellbore). In contrast fiber optic can provide real time data throughout the frac stages including the proppant free PAD stage which tracers can't. The comparison of DTS and Radioactive Tracers showed very good agreement suggesting that DTS could replace RA diagnostic. Hydraulic fracture stimulation operations in well-xx was the first one of its kind to be monitored with fiber optic. The integrated analysis of the available logs allowed us to benchmark various information and gain confidence in the conclusions. This helped fine tune the model for future wells for a more optimized zonal targeting and hydraulic fracture design. In this paper we will share the detailed evaluation of the fracture propagation behaviour and how combining the fiber optic data with the surface pressure, pumping rates and tracer logs in conjunction with a fracture simulation platform where a detailed geomechanical and subsurface characterization data is incorporated to get a more accurate description of fracture geometry.


1979 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Donald A. Landman

This paper describes some recent results of our quiescent prominence spectrometry program at the Mees Solar Observatory on Haleakala. The observations were made with the 25 cm coronagraph/coudé spectrograph system using a silicon vidicon detector. This detector consists of 500 contiguous channels covering approximately 6 or 80 Å, depending on the grating used. The instrument is interfaced to the Observatory’s PDP 11/45 computer system, and has the important advantages of wide spectral response, linearity and signal-averaging with real-time display. Its principal drawback is the relatively small target size. For the present work, the aperture was about 3″ × 5″. Absolute intensity calibrations were made by measuring quiet regions near sun center.


Author(s):  
Alan S. Rudolph ◽  
Ronald R. Price

We have employed cryoelectron microscopy to visualize events that occur during the freeze-drying of artificial membranes by employing real time video capture techniques. Artificial membranes or liposomes which are spherical structures within internal aqueous space are stabilized by water which provides the driving force for spontaneous self-assembly of these structures. Previous assays of damage to these structures which are induced by freeze drying reveal that the two principal deleterious events that occur are 1) fusion of liposomes and 2) leakage of contents trapped within the liposome [1]. In the past the only way to access these events was to examine the liposomes following the dehydration event. This technique allows the event to be monitored in real time as the liposomes destabilize and as water is sublimed at cryo temperatures in the vacuum of the microscope. The method by which liposomes are compromised by freeze-drying are largely unknown. This technique has shown that cryo-protectants such as glycerol and carbohydrates are able to maintain liposomal structure throughout the drying process.


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