Optical Fibre Enabled Slickline; Enhancing the Quality of Decision Making through Intelligent Real Time Surveillance Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing and Distributed Temperature Sensing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Berry ◽  
Gavin Cooper ◽  
Michael Webster ◽  
Alain Gysen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Optical Fibre ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Distributed Acoustic Sensing

scholarly journals Non-Intrusive Characterization and Monitoring of Fluid Mud: Laboratory Experiments with Seismic Techniques, Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), and Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyan Draganov ◽  
Xu Ma ◽  
Menno Buisman ◽  
Tjeerd Kiers ◽  
Karel Heller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Fluid Mud ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Transverse Waves ◽  
Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Distributed Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Velocity Changes ◽  
Safe Transport

In ports and waterways, the bathymetry is regularly surveyed for updating navigation charts ensuring safe transport. In port areas with fluid-mud layers, most traditional surveying techniques are accurate but are intrusive and provide one-dimensional measurements limiting their application. Current non-intrusive surveying techniques are less accurate in detecting and monitoring muddy consolidated or sandy bed below fluid-mud layers. Furthermore, their application is restricted by surveying-vessels availability limiting temporary storm- or dredging-related bathymetrical changes capture. In this chapter, we first review existing non-intrusive techniques, with emphasis on sound techniques. Then, we give a short review of several seismic-exploration techniques applicable to non-intrusive fluid-mud characterization and monitoring with high spatial and temporal resolution. Based on the latter, we present recent advances in non-intrusive fluid-mud monitoring using ultrasonic transmission and reflection measurements. We show laboratory results for monitoring velocity changes of longitudinal and transverse waves propagating through fluid mud while it is consolidating. We correlate the velocity changes with shear-strength changes while the fluid mud is consolidating and show a positive correlation with the yield stress. We show ultrasonic laboratory results using reflection and transmission techniques for estimating the fluid-mud longitudinal- and transverse-wave velocities. For water/mud interface detection, we also use distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS).

Fiber Optic DTS and DAS as an Alternative Interpreted Intelligent Completions Extended Abstract

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur'ain Minggu ◽  
Latief Riyanto ◽  
Chang Siong Ting ◽  
Dahlila Kamat ◽  
Dylan Zhe Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Position Tracking ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Valve Position ◽  
Valve Opening ◽  
Distributed Acoustic Sensing

Abstract This study aims to validate and track valve positions for all the zones applying recorded Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) data interpretation in order to propose the best combination of downhole inflow control valve (ICV) openings, This is required to optimize Well X-2 multizone commingled production. Fiber DTS and DAS monitoring were relied on as an innovation against downhole conditions that has compromised the three out of four downhole dual-gauges and valve position sensors. For zonal water control purpose, ICV cycling and positioning have been attempted in 2019. The valve position tracking derived from the compromised downhole dual gauges and valve position sensors does not tally with the surface flow indication overall. Consequently, the original measurement intention of the permanently installed distributed fiber-optic which served as back-up zonal-rate calculation profiling and as potential sub-layer flow-contribution indicators is brought in as contingency zonal valve-opening tracking and guides that proved valuable for subsequent production optimization. First part of study involves interpretation of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) data. Downloaded DTS data is depth matched and validated against known operating conditions like time of each cycling stage and surface well test parameters (i.e. Liquid Rate, Watercut, Tubing Head Pressure (THP), Total Gas, Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)), etc. To establish a baseline, several DTS traces of historical operating condition during a known stable period were selected, i.e. stable flowing condition at only Zone 4 stable shut-in condition at surface with only ICV Zone 4 is opened Downhole valve-position tracking can be interpreted alternatively from induced fiber temperature activities across the valve depth with a good temperature baseline benchmarking from DTS temperature profiling. Second part of study involves interpretation of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) data. The data was acquired under single flowing condition one month post-ICV cycling. Without any changes made on the well operating conditions, the well is flowing under same condition post ICV cycling. Inflow point detection using joint interpretation of DAS and DTS, where simultaneously DAS spectral content (depth-frequency) was analysed alongside DTS traces to further discriminate between inflow and other noise sources. Through i) acoustic amplitude analysis, ii) DTS inversion, iii) noise speed and flow speed computation, composite production allocation can be derived for Well X-2. Using the alternative co-interpretations based on fiber temperature and acoustic measurement, it is found and validated that Zone 1 ICV is Closed, Zone 2, 3 and 4 are in opened position and continuously producing at any cycles. This is in conflict of zonal production control understanding initially based on the compromised downhole sensors indicating that all the zonal valves are supposedly in fully closed position. In this case-study, DTS and DAS data has been proven useful and as an innovative, alternative monitoring to determine downhole valve opening with analogue to flow contribution derivation methodology. Therefore, anytime in the future where Well X-2 valves cycling is planned to be carried out, there is now a corresponding operating procedure that is incorporated onsite real-time fiber optic DTS and/or DAS data monitoring to validate tracked valves positioning.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Effects of Surrounding Media on the Distributed Acoustic Sensing of Helically-Wound Fiber-Optic Cable with Application to the New Afton Deposit, British Columbia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepidehalsadat Hendi ◽  
Mostafa Gorjian ◽  
Gilles Bellefleur ◽  
Christopher D. Hawkes ◽  
Don White
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Distributed Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Straight Fiber

Abstract. Fiber optic sensing technology has recently become popular for oil and gas, mining, geotechnical engineering, and hydrogeology applications. With a successful track record in many applications, distributed acoustic sensing using straight fiber optic cables has become a method of choice for seismic studies. However, distributed acoustic sensing using straight fiber optic cables is not able to detect off-axial strain, hence a helically wound cable design was introduced to overcome this limitation. The helically wound cable field data in New Afton deposit showed that the quality of the data is tightly dependent on the incident angle (the angle between the ray and normal vector of the surface) and surrounding media. We introduce a new analytical two-dimensional approach to determine the dynamic strain of a helically wound cable in terms of incident angle in response to elastic plane waves propagating through multilayered media. The method can be used to quickly and efficiently assess the effects of various materials surrounding a helically wound cable. Results from the proposed analytical model are compared with results from numerical modeling obtained with COMSOL Multiphysics, for scenarios corresponding to a real installation of helically wound cable deployed underground at the New Afton mine in British Columbia, Canada. Results from the analytical model are consistent with numerical modeling results. Our modeling results demonstrate the effects of cement quality, and casing installment on the quality of the helically-wound cable response. Numerical modeling results and field data suggest that, even if reasonably effective coupling achieved, the soft nature of the rocks in these intervals would result in low fiber strains for the HWC. The proposed numerical modeling workflow would be applied for more complicated scenarios (e.g., non-linear material constitutive behaviour, and the effects of pore fluids). The results of this paper can be used as a guideline for analyzing the effect of surrounding media and incident angle on the response of helically wound cable, optimizing the installation of helically wound cable in various conditions, and to validate boundary conditions of 3-D numerical model built for analyzing complex scenarios.

Hydraulic Fracturing Diagnostics Utilizing Near and Far-Field Distributed Acoustic Sensing DAS Data Correspondences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinghui Wu ◽  
Robert Hull ◽  
Andrew Tucker ◽  
Craig Rice ◽  
Peter Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Distributed Acoustic Sensing ◽  
Multiple Fibers

Abstract Distributed fiber-optic sensing (DFOS) has been utilized in unconventional reservoirs for hydraulic fracture efficiency diagnostics for many years. Downhole fiber cables can be permanently installed external to the casing to monitor and measure the uniformity and efficiency of individual clusters and stages during the completion in the near-field wellbore environment. Ideally, a second fiber or multiple fibers can be deployed in offset well(s) to monitor and characterize fracture geometries recorded by fracture-driven interactions or frac-hits in the far-field. Fracture opening and closing, stress shadow creation and relaxation, along with stage isolation can be clearly identified. Most importantly, fracture propagation from the near to far-field can be better understood and correlated. With our current technology, we can deploy cost effective retrievable fibers to record these far-field data. Our objective here is to highlight key data that can be gathered with multiple fibers in a carefully planned well-spacing study and to evaluate and understand the correspondence between far-field and near-field Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) data. In this paper, we present a case study of three adjacent horizontal wells equipped with fiber in the Permian basin. We can correlate the near-field fluid allocation across a stage down to the cluster level to far-field fracture driven interactions (FDIs) with their frac-hit strain intensity. With multiple fibers we can evaluate fracture geometry, the propagation of the hydraulic fractures, changes in the deformation related to completion designs, fracture complexity characterization and then integrate the results with other data to better understand the geomechanical processes between wells. Novel frac-hit corridor (FHC) is introduced to evaluate stage isolation, azimuth, and frac-hit intensity (FHI), which is measured in far-field. Frac design can be evaluated with the correlation from near-field allocation to far-field FHC and FHI. By analyzing multiple treatment and monitor wells, the correspondence can be further calibrated and examined. We observe the far-field FHC and FHI are directly related to the activities of near-field clusters and stages. A leaking plug may directly result in FHC overlapping, gaps and variations in FHI, which also can be correlated to cluster uniformity. A near-far field correspondence can be established to evaluate FHC and FHI behaviors. By utilizing various completion designs and related measurements (e.g. Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS), gauges, microseismic etc.), optimization can be performed to change the frac design based on far-field and near-field DFOS data based on the Decision Tree Method (DTM). In summary, hydraulic fracture propagation can be better characterized, measured, and understood by deploying multiple fibers across a lease. The correspondence between the far-field measured FHC and FHI can be utilized for completion evaluation and diagnostics. As the observed strain is directly measured, completion engineering and geoscience teams can confidently optimize their understanding of the fracture designs in real-time.

Quality of Service for Multimedia and Real-Time Services

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
F. W. Albalas ◽  
B. A. Abu-Alhaija ◽  
A. Awajan ◽  
A. Awajan ◽  
Khalid Al-Begain
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Qos Routing ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Complete Problem ◽  
Filtering Technique ◽  
Np Complete ◽  
Multiple Metrics

New web technologies have encouraged the deployment of various network applications that are rich with multimedia and real-time services. These services demand stringent requirements are defined through Quality of Service (QoS) parameters such as delay, jitter, loss, etc. To guarantee the delivery of these services QoS routing algorithms that deal with multiple metrics are needed. Unfortunately, QoS routing with multiple metrics is considered an NP-complete problem that cannot be solved by a simple algorithm. This paper proposes three source based QoS routing algorithms that find the optimal path from the service provider to the user that best satisfies the QoS requirements for a particular service. The three algorithms use the same filtering technique to prune all the paths that do not meet the requirements which solves the complexity of NP-complete problem. Next, each of the three algorithms integrates a different Multiple Criteria Decision Making method to select one of the paths that have resulted from the route filtering technique. The three decision making methods used are the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT), and Kepner-Tregoe KT. Results show that the algorithms find a path using multiple constraints with a high ability to handle multimedia and real-time applications.

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