scholarly journals Numerical Analysis of the Source of Excessive Na+ and Cl- Species in Flowback Water From Hydraulically Fractured Shale Formations

SPE Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 1477-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxian B. Seales ◽  
Robert Dilmore ◽  
Turgay Ertekin ◽  
John Yilin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Particle Migration ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Flowback Water ◽  
Fully Implicit ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
Dissolution Model ◽  
Fracture Fluid

Summary Fracture fluid is composed of fresh water, proppant, and a small percentage of other additives, which support the hydraulic-fracturing process. Excluding situations in which flowback water is recycled and reused, the total dissolved solids in fracture fluid is limited to the fluid additives, such as potassium chloride (1 to 7 wt% KCL), which is used as a clay stabilizer to minimize clay swelling and clay-particle migration. However, the composition of recovered fluid, especially as it relates to the total dissolved solids (TDS), is always substantially different from the injected fracture fluid. The ability to predict flowback-water volume and composition is useful when planning for the management or reuse of this aqueous byproduct stream. In this work, an ion-transport and halite-dissolution model was coupled with a fully implicit, dual-porosity, numerical simulator to study the source of the excess solutes in flowback water and to predict the concentration of both Na+ and Cl− species seen in recovered water. The results showed that mixing alone, between the injected fracture fluid and concentrated in-situ formation brine, could not account for the substantial rise in TDS seen in flowback water. Instead, the results proved that halite dissolution is a major contributor to the change in TDS seen in fracture fluid during injection and recovery. Halite dissolution can account for as much as 81% of Cl− and 86.5% of Na+ species seen in 90-day flowback water; mixing, between the injected fracture fluid and in-situ concentrated brine, accounts for approximately 19% of Cl− and 13% of Na+.

scholarly journals Kajian Kualitas Air Tanah dan Sungai pada Kawasan Rawan Banjir di Kabupaten Serang Kaitannya dengan Penyediaan Air Bersih

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Heru Sri Naryanto ◽  
Prihartanto Prihartanto ◽  
Deliyanti Ganesha
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater ◽  
Flood Prone Areas ◽  
Quality Measurements

ABSTRACTSerang District is one of the flood-prone areas, that about 20 subdistricts were affected by the flood in Serang District. Problems of clean water necessity occurred in the flood area, especially water quality in both of surface water and groundwater. To know the condition of clean water in Serang District, it is necessary to study the quality of water both surface water and groundwater in the flood-prone areas. The study was conducted by water sampling and in-situ water quality measurements at 28 open-pit points used by communities and river bodies in the potential flood in 2012-2015. In-situ physical water quality measurements are performed during sampling of well water and river water using multiparameter quality checker equipment. Water quality parameters that were measured in-situ are total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity. Laboratory tests of water samples were performed for suspended solids (TSS), Ammonium (NH3-N), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and total hardness parameters. The standard method of water quality analysis of these parameters is carried out using Indonesian National Standard SNI 06-6989.3-2004 water and wastewater. Turbidity tends to increase towards the downstream of the river indicating additional sediment material is transported downstream. The high total suspended solids in the river, especially in Kragilan, is caused by the waste from high domestic, commercial, and industrial activities in the area. Generally, groundwater and surface water in the flood areas at the study sites still largely indicate that quality is still feasible for consumption by the community, except for high Fe and Mn content and NH3-N in some wells due to the influence of surface water entering groundwater.Keywords: Serang district, water quality, flood areas, water supply ABSTRAKKabupaten Serang termasuk wilayah yang rawan banjir, dari 29 kecamatan yang ada sekitar 20 kecamatan pernah terkena dampak banjir. Permasalahan kebutuhan air bersih terjadi pada kawasan banjir tersebut, terutama kualitas air baik air permukaan maupun airtanah. Untuk mengetahui secara rinci kondisi air bersih di kabupaten Serang, maka perlu dilakukan kajian kualitas air baik air permukaan maupun airtanah pada kawasan rawan banjir tersebut. Kajian dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel air dan pengukuran in-situ kualitas air pada 28 titik sumur terbuka yang digunakan oleh masyarakat dan badan air sungai pada wilayah potensial genangan banjir tahun 2012-2015. Pengukuran kualitas air fisik secara in-situ dilakukan pada saat pengambilan sampel air sumur dan air sungai dengan menggunakan peralatan multiparameter quality checker, adalah: zat padat terlarut (total dissolved solids/TDS) dan turbiditas/kekeruhan. Sedangkan pemeriksaan laboratorium terhadap sampel air dilakukan untuk parameter zat padat tersuspensi (total suspended solid/TSS), Amonia bebas NH3-N), Besi (Fe), Mangan (Mn) dan kesadahan total. Metode standard analisis kualitas air terhadap parameter-parameter tersebut dilaksanakan menggunakan Standard Nasional Indonesia SNI 06-6989.3-2004 air dan air limbah. Kekeruhan cenderung meningkat ke arah hilir sungai menunjukkan adanya tambahan material sedimen tertransport pada bagian hilir. Tingginya zat padat tersuspensi pada sungai khususnya di Kragilan akibat dampak limbah dari aktivitas domestik, komersial dan industri yang tinggi di daerah tersebut. Secara umum airtanah dan air permukaan pada daerah banjir di lokasi penelitian sebagian besar masih menunjukkan kualitas yang masih layak untuk dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat, kecuali kandungan Fe dan Mn yang tinggi serta NH3-N pada beberapa sumur penduduk akibat pengaruh air permukaan termasuk air banjir masuk ke dalam airtanah.Kata kunci: Kabupaten Serang, kualitas air, kawasan banjir, penyediaan air bersih

Feasibility Study of In-Situ Bioremediation of Atrazine by Pseudomonas SP. ADP (PADP) in a Laboratory Scale Model Aquifer

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binita K. Shrestha ◽  
Pawan Raj Shakya ◽  
M. I. M. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Contaminated Groundwater ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Reactive Barrier

The feasibility of in-situ bioremediation of atrazine-contaminated groundwater by Pseudomonas sp. ADP (PADP) was tested in a two-dimensional laboratory scale model aquifer. The experimental set-up consisted of three compartments: an inlet chamber, a saturated sandy aquifer with a biological permeable reactive barrier (BPRB) and an outlet chamber. Multi-layer samplers (MLSs) at 10, 25 and 40 cm from the bed base were located at 7, 28.5 (well), 42.5 (BPRB) and 55 cm from the inlet. Artificial atrazine-contaminated groundwater (1 mg/L) amended with nitrate (20 mg/L NO3- -N) flowed horizontally through the aquifer at a rate of 5.5 cm/day. Inoculation of the reactive barrier was achieved by temporarily stopping the water flow, and injecting into the reactive barrier 1 L of a PADP suspension with a concentration of 5.6 x 109 CFU/mL; water flow was resumed one hour later. To enhance bacterial activity, a citrate solution (1 g/L) was injected into the barrier twice a week. During the four months of operation, water samples were withdrawn weekly from the MLSs at each sampling station and from the inlet and the outlet, to determine the following water quality parameters: dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, nitrate, atrazine, total dissolved solids and bacterial colony counts (CFU). The concentration of atrazine was practically unchanged from the inlet to the barrier, and an average removal of 50% was observed at the barrier. This removal in the concentration of atrazine was maintained downstream with a slight increase at the outlet, probably due to matrix heterogeneities and preferential channeling. The concentration of dissolved oxygen also decreased along the water path and the lowest value, 2.2 mg/L, was measured at the barrier and at the station downstream. A very small decline was detected in pH values, which decreased from an average of 8.4 ± 0.1 at the inlet to an average of 8.0 ± 0.1 at the outlet. The values of total dissolved solids and temperature did not change significantly throughout the aquifer. In general, low levels of nitrate reduction were detected, although up to 80% reduction was observed at the third week at location 55 cm, with no detectable decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen. No correlation was found between degradation of atrazine and nitrate reduction. Our results indicate that in-situ treatment may be a suitable method for the restoration of atrazine contaminated aquifers. <i> Nepal Journal of Science and Technology</i> Vol. 7, 2006

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF YAMUNA RIVER AT GOKUL BARRAGE, MATHURA (UP) INDIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
AJAY KUMAR RAJAWAT ◽  
PRAVEEN KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Chemical Condition ◽  
Yamuna River ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Almost All

An attempt has been made to study the Physico-chemical condition of water of Yamuna River at Gokul Barrage, Mathura, (UP). The time period of study was July 2015 to June 2016. Three water samples were selected from different sites in each month for study. The parameters studied were Temperature, Turbidity, pH, DO, BOD, COD, Total Dissolved Solids and Suspended Solids. Almost all the parameters were found above the tolerance limit.

Performance Study of Some Reverse Osmosis Systems for Removal of Uranium and Total Dissolved Solids in Underground Waters of Punjab State, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-476
Author(s):  
Nisha Sharma ◽  
Jaspal Singh ◽  
Barjinder Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
State Government ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
High Concentrations

Radionuclides (uranium, thorium, radium, radon gas etc.) are found naturally in air, water, soil and rock. Everyday, we ingest and inhale these radionuclides through the air we breathe and through food and water we take. Out of the internal exposure via ingestion of radionuclides, water contributes the major portion. The natural radioactivity of water is due to the activity transfer from bed rock and soils. In our surveys carried out in the past few years, we have observed high concentrations of uranium and total dissolved solids (TDS) in drinking waters of some southern parts of Punjab State exceeding the safe limits recommended by national and international agencies. The main drinking water source is the underground water procured from different depths. Due to the highly saline taste, disorders in their digestive systems and other ailments, people are installing reverse osmosis (RO) systems in their houses. Some RO systems have been installed on commercial basis. The state government is also in the process of installing community RO systems at the village level. As high values of uranium are also undesired and may pose health hazards due to radioactivity and toxicity of uranium, we have conducted a survey in the field to study the performance of various RO systems for removal of uranium and TDS. Water samples from about forty RO systems from Faridkot, Mansa, Bathinda and Amritsar districts of Punjab State were collected and analyzed. Our results show that some RO systems are able to remove more than 99% of uranium in the underground waters used for drinking purposes. TDS values are also reduced considerably to the desired levels. So RO systems can be used to avoid the risk of unduly health problems posed by high concentrations of uranium and TDS in drinking water.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI RAGI Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP KUALITAS CUKA TOMI-TOMI (Flacourtia inermis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Sandra J Nendissa ◽  
Rachel Breemer ◽  
Nikholaus Melamas
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Four Levels

This objectives of this research were both to study and determine the best level of concentration of yeast Saccharomyces cereviseae and period of fermentation on the quality of tomi-tomi vinegar (Flacourtia inermis). A completely randomized experimental design with two factors of treatment was applied in this research. The first factor was concentration of yeast S. cereviseae having four levels of tretament, i.e.: without the addition of yeast 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g yeast. The second factor was period fermentation with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. The result indicated that the concentration of yeast S. cereviseae 1.5 g and period fermentation 5 week produced a good tomi-tomi vinegar with total acids 51.22%, total dissolved solids 8.35, total sugar 8.07% and pH 5.40.

Combination of Carbonated Aloe Vera Drink with Lemon Juice

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefrianta Demu Geri ◽  
Dewi Fortuna Ayu ◽  
Noviar Harun
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Range Test

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal ratio of carbonated aloe vera drink and lemon juice. This research used completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments performed were L1 (90% carbonated aloe vera and 10% lemon juice), L2 (80% carbonated aloe vera and 20% lemon juice), L3 (70% carbonated aloe vera and 30% lemon juice), and L4 (60% carbonated aloe vera and 40% lemon juice). Data were statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by duncan new multiple range test (DNMRT) at level 5%. The combination treatments of carbonated aloe vera drinks and lemon juice had a significant effect on acidity (pH), vitamin C, total dissolved solids, and descriptive and hedonic sensory assessment. The best treatment from the research was L3 (70% carbonated aloe vera and 30% lemon juice) with pH of 4.26, vitamin C of 19.97 mg, and total dissolved solids of 14.34°brix. The overall sensory test result preferred by panelists with descriptions of yellow color, lemon flavor, and had a slightly sweet taste.

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