Phase-Behavior Modeling and Flow Simulation for Low-Temperature CO2 Injection

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 250-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanquan Pan ◽  
Yuguang Chen ◽  
Jonathan Sheffield ◽  
Yih-Bor Chang ◽  
Dengen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Binary Interaction ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
West Texas ◽  
Reservoir Fluid ◽  
Rich Liquid

Summary CO2 injection into an oil reservoir at low temperatures (less than 120 °F) can form three hydrocarbon phases—a vapor phase, an oil-rich liquid, and a CO2-rich liquid phase. Most available reservoir simulators cannot handle three-hydrocarbon-phase flash, and the use of two-phase flash may cause significant numerical instability. The issue has been recognized in the industry for a long time. Studies to include three-hydrocarbon-phase flash in compositional simulations exist in the literature. However, this approach results in substantial increases of model complexity and computational cost; thus, it may not be realistic for practical applications (at least for now). In this work, we propose a new pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) modeling procedure to eliminate the three-hydrocarbon-phase region for reservoir-fluid/CO2 mixtures at low temperatures and to study its implication for flow simulation. In our method, the acentric factors of pseudocomponents are adjusted to eliminate the three-hydrocarbon-phase region, which was not considered in any of the previous studies. Then, the experimental data for reservoir-fluid PVT, CO2 swelling test, and minimum miscibility pressure are also matched by adjusting further binary-interaction coefficients, volume-shift parameters, and critical volumes of the pseudocomponents. The procedure is applicable for cases with relatively small three-phase regions (e.g., some fields in west Texas), and can be applied with any PVT simulation software and conventional two-hydrocarbon-phase simulators. The method is considered for two sector models from oil fields in west Texas, with fine-scale (more than 600,000 gridblocks) and upscaled models. Compared with the standard characterization, in which the three-hydrocarbon phases exist, the new fluid model significantly improves the stability of flow simulation, demonstrating the robustness and efficiency of the new procedure. One can view the method as a practical approximation to field-scale simulations of CO2 injection at low temperatures.

Multiple-Phase Generation During Carbon Dioxide Flooding

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Henry ◽  
Robert S. Metcalfe
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Temperature Region ◽  
Phase Region ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Co2 Flooding ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Multiple Phase ◽  
Rich Liquid ◽  
Single Contact

Abstract This paper describes to determine the pressure and temperature region in which multiple phases are generated for selected reservoir oils displaced by CO2. The major purposes of this study wereto determine whether single-contact PVT conditions and multiple-contact flow generated multiple phases over equivalent pressures and temperatures, andto determine whether multiple-phase generation would affect mobility. Multiple phases were generated for two reservoir oils of similar composition above the CO2 minimum miscibility pressures (MMP's) for temperatures between 307.5 and 332 K. For a limited temperature range, the pressures over which these multiple phases were observed agreed fairly well with those determined in single-contact PVT cell studies. However, multiple phases were also seen at higher temperatures in the multiple-contact displacements. Pressure-drop data as a function of CO2 injection volume were obtained for displacements within the multiple-phase region and for displacements conducted at pressures above the multiple-phase region. Comparison of these data indicates that multiple-phase generation reduces mobility within the flow system used. Mobility reduction would be beneficial during application of CO2 flooding on a reservoir scale. Introduction Multiple phases (e.g. hydrocarbon-rich liquid, CO2-rich liquid, vapor, and asphaltenes) have been observed for mixtures of some reservoir oils with CO2 in single-contact PVT studies. Reduced injectivity (which was attributed at least partially to formation of multiple phases within the transition zone) was observed in Shell Oil Co.'s North Cross Devonian continuous CO2 flood. These multiple phases could have a relative permeability effect on the mobility of the CO2/oil transition zone and could improve the sweep efficiency of the CO2 flood. Knowledge of the pressure and temperature region in which multiple phases occur is beneficial if a reasonable forecast of performance is to be made. CO2 generally develops miscibility with reservoir oils through mass transfer of components. Because of the changing composition within the CO2/oil transition zone, the phase behavior in a multiple-contact flowing system may be quite different from a static single-contact PVT system in which the overall fluid composition does not change. Consequently, displacement tests are an important contribution to the understanding of multiple-phase flow phenomena. The purpose of this research was to determine the pressure and temperature region in which multiple phases occur for displacements of reservoir oils with CO2 in comparison with the region determined by single-contact PVT data and to determine whether generation of these multiple phases would affect mobility. Test Apparatus CO2 displacements of three reservoir oils were carried out in the coil-microcore apparatus shown in Fig. 1. A positive displacement pump was used to displace fluids (i.e., CO2, oil, and cleanup solvent) through the system and to maintain a constant injection rate during CO2 displacements. A 24.4-m sand packed coil was used to generate the CO2/oil transition zone. SPEJ P. 595^

Computer Simulation of an Engine Environmental Control System

2013 ◽  
Vol 850-851 ◽  
pp. 355-358
Author(s):  
Dong Du
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Aircraft Engine ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Temperature Decrease ◽  
Environmental System ◽  
Passenger Aircraft

This paper describes the use of Fluid Flow Simulation Software to model a passenger aircraft engine environmental control system. The analysis simulates the cooling pack and the engine distribution system in a single model.The engine environmental system is very important for engine working efficiently. Using AMEsim software to simulate the cooling system can make it easily and clearly. The influence of the heat component and the fan operating is studied also. Through the analysis of the cooling system, we know that with the help of fan, the system can get additional air in the radiator and make the temperature decrease consequently.

scholarly journals Aerodynamic characteristics of detachable fairing shells in a subsonic incompressible flow

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Grebeneva ◽  
A.Yu. Lutsenko ◽  
A.V. Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Stream Velocity ◽  
Normal Forces ◽  
Pitch Moment ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Windward Surface ◽  
Aerodynamic Quality

The purpose of the work was to mathematically simulate the flow around the fairing shell of the launch vehicle at a low subsonic free-stream velocity in the α = 0...360° angle-of-attack range. The calculations were performed using the SolidWorks Flow Simulation software package and the open source OpenFoam package based on the use of numerical methods for simulating the motion of liquid and gas. Within the research, we obtained the flow patterns and the aerodynamic coefficients of the longitudinal and normal forces, the pitch moment, and calculated the aerodynamic quality of the shell. Furthermore, we determined the positions of the stable equilibrium of the model and revealed the features of the flowing around the shell of the combined form at flow from the convex and concave sides. Next, we analyzed the leeward lift-off zones and the zones with increased pressure on the windward surface during flow from the concave side. Finally, we compared the obtained characteristics with the experimental data of TsAGI.

scholarly journals Quantifying location error to define uncertainty in volcanic mass flow hazard simulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2447-2460
Author(s):  
Stuart R. Mead ◽  
Jonathan Procter ◽  
Gabor Kereszturi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Spatial Covariance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Pixel Pair

Abstract. The use of mass flow simulations in volcanic hazard zonation and mapping is often limited by model complexity (i.e. uncertainty in correct values of model parameters), a lack of model uncertainty quantification, and limited approaches to incorporate this uncertainty into hazard maps. When quantified, mass flow simulation errors are typically evaluated on a pixel-pair basis, using the difference between simulated and observed (“actual”) map-cell values to evaluate the performance of a model. However, these comparisons conflate location and quantification errors, neglecting possible spatial autocorrelation of evaluated errors. As a result, model performance assessments typically yield moderate accuracy values. In this paper, similarly moderate accuracy values were found in a performance assessment of three depth-averaged numerical models using the 2012 debris avalanche from the Upper Te Maari crater, Tongariro Volcano, as a benchmark. To provide a fairer assessment of performance and evaluate spatial covariance of errors, we use a fuzzy set approach to indicate the proximity of similarly valued map cells. This “fuzzification” of simulated results yields improvements in targeted performance metrics relative to a length scale parameter at the expense of decreases in opposing metrics (e.g. fewer false negatives result in more false positives) and a reduction in resolution. The use of this approach to generate hazard zones incorporating the identified uncertainty and associated trade-offs is demonstrated and indicates a potential use for informed stakeholders by reducing the complexity of uncertainty estimation and supporting decision-making from simulated data.

scholarly journals Quantifying location error to define uncertainty in volcanic mass flow hazard simulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart R. Mead ◽  
Jonathan Procter ◽  
Gabor Kereszturi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Spatial Covariance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Pixel Pair

Abstract. The use of mass flow simulations in volcanic hazard zonation and mapping is often limited by model complexity (i.e. uncertainty in correct values of model parameters), a lack of model uncertainty quantification, and limited approaches to incorporate this uncertainty into hazard maps. When quantified, mass flow simulation errors are typically evaluated on a pixel-pair basis, using the difference between simulated and observed (actual) map-cell values to evaluate the performance of a model. However, these comparisons conflate location and quantification errors, neglecting possible spatial autocorrelation of evaluated errors. As a result, model performance assessments typically yield moderate accuracy values. In this paper, similarly moderate accuracy values were found in a performance assessment of three depth-averaged numerical models using the 2012 debris avalanche from the Upper Te Maari crater, Tongariro Volcano as a benchmark. To provide a fairer assessment of performance and evaluate spatial covariance of errors, we use a fuzzy set approach to indicate the proximity of similarly valued map cells. This fuzzification of simulated results yields improvements in targeted performance metrics relative to a length scale parameter, at the expense of decreases in opposing metrics (e.g. less false negatives results in more false positives) and a reduction in resolution. The use of this approach to generate hazard zones incorporating the identified uncertainty and associated trade-offs is demonstrated, and indicates a potential use for informed stakeholders by reducing the complexity of uncertainty estimation and supporting decision making from simulated data.

scholarly journals Research on Gas-liquid Mixed Transportation Technological Adaptability: A Case Study of the Western Sichuan Gas Field

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Qingsha Zhou ◽  
Kun Huang ◽  
Yongchun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Western Sichuan ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Well Production

Background: The western Sichuan gas field belongs to the low-permeability, tight gas reservoirs, which are characterized by rapid decline in initial production of single-well production, short periods of stable production, and long periods of late-stage, low-pressure, low-yield production. Objective: It is necessary to continue pursuing the optimization of transportation processes. Method: This paper describes research on mixed transportation based on simplified measurements with liquid-based technology and the simulation of multiphase processes using the PIPEPHASE multiphase flow simulation software to determine boundary values for the liquid carrying process. Conclusion: The simulation produced several different recommendations for the production and maximum multiphase distance along with difference in elevation. Field tests were then conducted to determine the suitability of mixed transportation in western Sichuan, so as to ensure smooth progress with fluid metering, optimize the gathering process in order to achieve stable and efficient gas production, and improve the economic benefits of gas field development.

Influence of Pedestrian Number on Vibration Serviceability of Footbridge

2014 ◽  
Vol 1049-1050 ◽  
pp. 378-382
Author(s):  
Ju Bing Zhang ◽  
Shao Xia Zhang ◽  
Ying Zou
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Force Model ◽  
Social Force ◽  
Vibration Data ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Vibration Serviceability

In recent years, the problem of the human-induced bridge vibration has attracted more and more concerns. In this paper , a steel structure footbridge named Shuang'an East in Beijing was taken as the example to collect the whole bridge vibration data and build the finite element model with the finite element software. In addition, this research changes the limitation of considering the pedestrian load as a whole with a traffic flow simulation software, which is based on social force model, applying to reflect the pedestrians' locations during walking. Comparing the simulation data with the the measured data, the vibration serviceability of footbridge will decrease with the increasing of the number of the pedestrians. The analysis results will provide reference for the dynamic characteristic of similar structures.

Thermal Comfort Analysis of a Ship Air-Conditioning System Using Solidworks Flow Simulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 883-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Nawaz ◽  
Yan Sheng Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Air Conditioning System ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Design Software ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Occupied Zone

The focus of this work is to simulate and optimize thermal comfort in a ship air-conditioning system by evaluating the performance of different types of air supply outlets. Thermal comfort analyses were performed in Solidworks Flow Simulation software by changing the number, type and position of air supply outlets and the comfort was optimized by evaluating the values of temperature, velocity, PMV (Predicted mean vote) & PPD (Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied). It was concluded from the results obtained from different analyses that air supply outlet is a vital part in any type of HVAC (Heating ventilation & air conditioning) system design, as its number, type and position has significant effect on the air distribution and thermal comfort in a subject space. It was also deduced that improper selection of air supply outlet can result in room air stagnation, unacceptable temperature gradients, and undesirable velocities in the occupied zone that may lead to occupant discomfort. Through this work the importance and effectiveness of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) design tools, in the design & optimization of HVAC systems has been evaluated and it was concluded that CFD design software like Solidworks flow simulation provide an excellent provision to validate different aspects of HVAC design before actual construction.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Co-Simulation Framework for Testing of Automated Driving Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demin Nalic ◽  
Aleksa Pandurevic ◽  
Arno Eichberger ◽  
Branko Rogic
Keyword(s):  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Mvc Design Pattern ◽  
Traffic Flow Simulation ◽  
Model View Controller ◽  
Test Scenarios ◽  
Model View

The increasingly used approach of combining different simulation softwares in testing of automated driving systems (ADSs) increases the need for potential and convenient software designs. Recently developed co-simulation platforms (CSPs) provide the possibility to cover the high demand for testing kilometers for ADSs by combining vehicle simulation software (VSS) with traffic flow simulation software (TFSS) environments. The emphasis on the demand for testing kilometers is not enough to choose a suitable CSP. The complexity levels of the vehicle, object, sensors, and environment models used are essential for valid and representative simulation results. Choosing a suitable CSP raises the question of how the test procedures should be defined and constructed and what the relevant test scenarios are. Parameters of the ADS, environments, objects, and sensors in the VSS, as well as traffic parameters in the TFSS, can be used to define and generate test scenarios. In order to generate a large number of scenarios in a systematic and automated way, suitable and appropriate software designs are required. In this paper, we present a software design for a CSP based on the Model–View–Controller (MVC) design pattern as well as an implementation of a complex CSP for virtual testing of ADSs. Based on this design, an implementation of a CSP is presented using the VSS from IPG Automotive (CarMaker) and the TFSS from the PTV Group (Vissim). The results showed that the presented CSP design and the implementation of the co-simulation can be used to generate relevant scenarios for testing of ADSs.

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