Simulation of Gelled Polymer Treatments in the Arbuckle Formation, Kansas

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Barati Ghahfarokhi ◽  
Don W. Green ◽  
Jenn-Tai Liang
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Treatments

Atrazine Movement in Soil Columns as Influenced by Starch-Encapsulation and Acrylic Polymer Additives

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen F. Fleming ◽  
F. William Simmons ◽  
Loyd M. Wax ◽  
Robert E. Wing ◽  
Merle E. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Polymer Additives ◽  
Polymer Additive ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Acrylic Polymer ◽  
Polymer Treatments ◽  
D 81

Alternative herbicide formulations may have the potential to reduce atrazine leaching. This study was conducted to determine if starch-encapsulation produced using an extrusion process or several acrylic polymer additives reduced atrazine leaching in soil columns packed with Plainfield sand (98% sand and 0.7% organic matter). Three watering regimes were evaluated to determine the effects of water volume and rate of application on atrazine movement When 7.6 cm of water (0.44-pore volumes) was applied over 2 h, polymer treatments reduced atrazine movement from the soil surface by 9 to 21% compared to atrazine without the additives. With increased water volume and time, the effectiveness of several polymer treatments diminished. Acrysol ASE-108 and G110 polymers (mixed with atrazine at a 1:1 ratio) most effectively reduced atrazine leaching over all watering regimes. Starch encapsulation was more effective than any polymer additive in retarding atrazine movement Increasing the water volume from 7.6 to 15.2 cm (0.88-pore volumes) did not increase leaching of starch-encapsulated atrazine. Ninety-nine percent of the starch-encapsulated atrazine was retained in the top 5 cm of the column compared to only 18 and 13% of the dry flowable formulation (DF) when 0.44- and 0.88-pore volumes of water were applied over 2 and 4 h, respectively. When 0.88-pore volumes of water were applied over 12 d, 81% of the starch-encapsulated atrazine was retained in the upper 5 cm of the column compared to only 5% of the DF formulation of atrazine. This study indicates that starch encapsulation reduces atrazine movement to a greater extent than polymer additives and suggests that starch encapsulation may be an effective method of reducing atrazine leaching.

An evaluation of an inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum as an additive for grass silage for dairy cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Lactobacillus Plantarum ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Absorbent Polymer ◽  
Polymer Treatments

ABSTRACTHerbage from the first regrowth of perennial ryegrass based swards was direct-ensiled following treatment with either an inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum (Ecosyl, Imperial Chemical Industries pic) at 3·0 1/t, formic acid (850 g/kg) at 2·9 1/t, or no additive (control). During harvesting, alternate loads of inoculant material were treated with an absorbent polymer (ammonium polyacrylamide) at the rate of 1 kg/t herbage and ensiled in separate 100-t capacity silos. The mean dry matter (DM) and water soluble carbohydrate concentrations of herbage used for the four treatments was 157 and 120 g/kg respectively. Lactic acid levels post ensiling increased more rapidly in inoculant-treated herbage than with the other treatments. Formic acid and inoculant-treated silages were well preserved whereas control and inoculant-plus-polymer silages were only moderately well preserved. Losses of DM during ensilage were greater with the formic acid treatment with DM recovery values of 0·78, 0·72, 0·76 and 0·73 for the control, formic acid, inoculant and inoculant-plus-polymer silages respectively. Treatment of herbage with an absorbent polymer prior to ensiling resulted in a proportional reduction in effluent volume of 0·2 whereas formic acid treatment increased effluent flow by 0·28. The silages were evaluated in a changeover design experiment with two periods each of 4 weeks duration, using 24 British Friesian dairy cows. Animals were housed in individual stalls and in addition to the treatment silages, received 5 kg/day of supplement containing 193 g crude protein per kg DM. Silage intakes were increased by proportionately 0·10, 0·14 and 0·05 respectively with the formic acid, inoculant and inoculant-plus-polymer treatments compared with the control. The increased silage intakes with the inoculant treatment were reflected in an increased milk yield of 1·1 kg milk per day whereas formic acid and inoculant-plus-polymer treatments had no significant effect, although formic acid treatment did result in a significant increase in milk fat concentration. There were no major differences between treatments in energy or nitrogen digestibility, when determined on a complete ration basis. In conclusion, a large milk yield response was obtained as a result of treatment of herbage with inoculant prior to ensiling and this resulted from increased silage and hence energy intake. Treatment with formic acid increased silage and energy intake but had no effect on milk energy output.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Hydrophilic Polymer on Plant Water Status and survival of Transplanted Pine Seedlings

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Savé M. Pery ◽  
O. Marfà ◽  
L. Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymer ◽  
Stress Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Field Assay ◽  
Greenhouse Assay ◽  
And Control ◽  
Polymer Treatments

Two experiments were conducted to assess the ability of a water-absorbing synthetic polymer to reduce water stress injury of seedlings of Pinus pinea L. under greenhouse and field conditions. In both experiments, two rates of hydrated hydrogel, corresponding to 200 and 400 cm3 of stored water, and a control treatment without hydrophilic polymer were tested. Survival periods for the pine seedlings were 1.4 and 2.0 times longer for the 200- and 400-cm3 treatments, respectively, than for a control treatment in a greenhouse assay. In the field assay, only differences in seedling survival between both hydrogel treatments and control were measured. Leaf water potential values of control plants were significantly lower than hydrated polymer treatments in both experiments. From these results, we conclude that the use of hydrophilic polymers may be an important method of increasing the success of reforestation in semiarid regions.

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