scholarly journals Parasitemia Level of Male White Mice (Mus musculus L.) DDY Strain Infected with Trypanosoma evansi of Pidie and Pemalang Isolate

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Febiola Rama Sari ◽  
Yudha Fahrimal ◽  
Ummu Balqis ◽  
Didik T. Subekti ◽  
Aprilia Wardana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Tail Vein ◽  
The Third ◽  
Parasitemia Level ◽  
Short Time

This study aimed to observe parasitemia of DDY white mice infected with T. evansi of Pidie and Pemalang isolates obtained from Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner (BBPV) Bogor. Twelve DDY mice were divided into 3 groups, each group consisted of 4 mice. Mice in the first group were not treated with any treatment. The second group was inoculated with 104 T. evansi Pidie isolate and the third group was inoculated with 104 T. evansi of Pemalang isolate. Mice blood were collected every two days from tail vein for parasitemia. examination Parasitemia examination was conducted until all mice die. The results indicate that there was difference in parasitemia level between the two isolates. Parasitemia of mice infected with Pidie isolate characterized by rapid rise of parasitemia in blood (107-108/mL of blood) in a short time (2-4 days) since first parasitemia was detected and followed by death at day 4. While the parasitemia of mice infected with Pemalang isolate increased in the blood (108-109/mL of blood) on day 4 and maintained for a few more days and then fluctuated for a few more days before the animal died.Key words: Trypanosoma evansi, parasitemia, pidie isolate, pemalang isolate

scholarly journals TINGKAT PARASITEMIA MENCIT PUTIH (Mus musculus L.) JANTAN GALUR DDY DIINFEKSI Trypanosoma evansi ISOLAT PIDIE DAN PEMALANG (Parasitemia Level of Male White Mice (Mus musculus L.) DDY Strain Infected with Trypanosoma evansi of Pidie and Pemalang Isolate)

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Febiola Rama Sari ◽  
Yudha Fahrimal ◽  
Ummu Balqis ◽  
Aprilia Wardana ◽  
Muhammad Hambal
Keyword(s):  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Tail Vein ◽  
The Third ◽  
Parasitemia Level ◽  
Short Time

This study aimed to observe parasitemia of DDY white mice infected with T. evansi of Pidie and Pemalang isolates obtained from Balai Besar Penelitian Veteriner (BBPV) Bogor. Twelve DDY mice were divided into 3 groups, each group consisted of 4 mice. Mice in the first group were not treated with any treatment. The second group was inoculated with 104 T. evansi Pidie isolate and the third group was inoculated with 104 T. evansi of Pemalang isolate. Mice blood were collected every two days from tail vein for parasitemia examination. Parasitemia examination was conducted until all mice die. The results indicate that there was difference in parasitemia level between the two isolates. Parasitemia of mice infected with Pidie isolate characterized by rapid rise of parasitemia in blood (107-108/mL of blood) in a short time (2-4 days) since first parasitemia was detected and followed by death at day 4. While the parasitemia of mice infected with Pemalang isolate increased in the blood (108-109/mL of blood) on day 4 and maintained for a few more days and then fluctuated for a few more days before the animal died.Key words: Trypanosoma evansi, parasitemia, Pidie isolate, Pemalang isolate

scholarly journals Parasitemia of Male White Mice (Mus musculus L.) DDY Strain Infected with Trypanosoma evansi Pidie and Pemalang Isolate

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Febiola Rama Sari ◽  
Yudha Fahrimal ◽  
Ummu Balqis ◽  
Didik T Subekti ◽  
Aprilia Wardana
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Parasitemia Level ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Group 1

This study aimed to find out the parasitemia of DDY white mice infected with T. evansi of Pidie and Pemalang isolates obtained from Bbalitvet Bogor. A total of 12 mice were divided into 3 treatment groups. Group 1 (K1) without any treatment, group 2 (K2) was inoculated with 104 T. evansi Pidie isolate, and group 3 (K3) was inoculated with 104 T. evansi Pemalang isolate. Parasitemia examination was carried out every two days and the level of parasitemia was observed as well. Parasitemia examination was conducted until all mice died. Parasitemia of mice infected with Pidie isolate was characterized by rapid rise of parasitemia in blood (107-108/mL of blood) in a short time (2-4 days) since first parasitemia was detected and followed by death at day 4. The parasitemia of mice infected with Pemalang isolate increased in the blood (108-109/mL of blood) on day 4 and maintained for a few more days and then fluctuated for a few more days before the animal was dead. In conclusion, there was the difference in parasitemia level between Pidie and Pemalang isolates. Key words: Trypanosoma evansi, parasitemia, Pidie isolate, Pemalang isolate

“The Greatest Thrill I Get is When I Hear a Criminal Say, ‘Yes, I Did it’”: Race and the Third Degree in New Orleans, 1920–1945

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Adler
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
New Orleans ◽  
Police Officer ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Constitutional Protection ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Face ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Short Time

On May 11, 1938, two New Orleans policemen entered the Astoria Restaurant, marched to the kitchen, and approached Loyd D. T. Washington, a 41-year-old African American cook. They informed Washington that they would be taking him to the First Precinct station for questioning, although they assured the cook that he need not change his clothes and “should be right back” to the “Negro restaurant,” where he had worked for 3 years. Immediately after arriving at the station house, police officers “surrounded” Washington, showed him a photograph of a man, and announced that he had killed a white man in Yazoo City, Mississippi, 20 years earlier. When Washington insisted that he did not know the man in the photograph, that he had never been to (or even heard of) Yazoo City, and that he had been in the army at the time of the murder, the law enforcers confined him in a cell, although they had no warrant for his arrest and did not charge him with any crime. The following day, a detective brought him to the “show-up room” in the precinct house, where he continued the interrogation and, according to Washington, “tried to make me sign papers stating that I had killed a white man” in Mississippi. As every African American New Orleanian knew, the show-up (or line-up) room was the setting where detectives tortured suspects and extracted confessions. “You know you killed him, Nigger,” the detective roared. Washington, however, refused to confess, and the detective began punching him in the face, knocking out five of his teeth. After Washington crumbled to the floor, the detective repeatedly kicked him and broke one of his ribs. The beating continued for an hour, until other policemen restrained the detective, saying “give him a chance to confess and if he doesn't you may start again.” But Washington did not confess, and the violent interrogation began anew. A short time later, another police officer interrupted the detective, telling him “do not kill this man in here, after all he is wanted in Yazoo City.” Bloodied and writhing in pain, Washington asked to contact his family, but the request was ignored. Because he had not been formally charged with a crime, New Orleans law enforcers believed that Washington had no constitutional protection again self-incrimination or coercive interrogation and no right to an arraignment or bail, and they had no obligation to contact his relatives or to provide medical care for him.

An English Library at Trinidad, 1633

1955 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Eleanor B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
West Indian ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Caribbean Area ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
El Dorado ◽  
Short Time

The island of Trinidad was discovered by Columbus on the third voyage in 1498. One of the largest and most fertile of the West Indian islands, for many years it remained on the fringe of European activity in the Caribbean area and on the coasts of Venezuela and Guiana. A Spanish settlement was founded there in 1532, but apparently it disintegrated within a short time. Toward the end of the sixteenth century Berrio and Raleigh fought for possession of the island, but chiefly as a convenient base for their rival search for El Dorado, or Manoa, the Golden Man and the mythical city of gold. Throughout the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries explorers, corsairs, and contraband traders, Spanish, French, English, and Dutch, passed near its shores, and many of them may well have paused there to refresh themselves and to make necessary repairs to their vessels. But the records are scanty and we know little of such events or of the settlements that existed from time to time.

scholarly journals „Niebo trzecie” księdza Piotra. Szkic komparatystyczny

1970 ◽  
pp. 127-148
Author(s):  
Jerzy Fiećko
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Emanuel Swedenborg ◽  
Short Time

The author analyses the function of the “Third Heaven” motif, which appears at the end of the fifth scene in Mickiewicz’s drama, Forefathers’ Eve Part III - this is where the Angels decide to take the soul of the sleeping priest Peter, one of the main characters in this work, for a short time. The author questions the inspiration that the poet might have drawn from St. Paul’s 2nd Letter to the Corinthians and from the writings of theosophers such as Jakob Boehme (especially Aurora or Rising at Dawn) and Emanuel Swedenborg (his treatise on Heaven and Hell), in which the theme of a “Third Heaven” played an important role. Research has already drawn attention to these relationships. Making a conditional, historically probable assumption that the influence of these works has had a significant impact on the formation of the supernatural world in Mickiewicz’s drama, the author considers the semantic-ideological consequences that would result from placing a monk’s soul in the “Third Heaven” in St. Paul’s, Boehme’s and Swedenborg’s versions, respectively. In conclusion, the author formulates the thesis that greatest number of arguments can be advanced in favour of a connection with Swedenborg’s concept, although this does not settle the matter definitively.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF RECOMBINANT VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR 121 ON NITRIDE OXIDE LEVEL IN MICE (Mus musculus) MODEL OF PREECLAMPSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Soetrisno Soetrisno ◽  
Isharyadi Isharyadi ◽  
Sri Sulistyowati
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
P Value ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
The Third ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
K2 Group

Preeclampsia is a multifactorial syndrome in pregnancy whose cause is still unknown. Several proangiogenic and antiangiogenic mediators such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Nitrite Oxide (NO) play important roles in preventing preeclampsia. VEGF can increase NO level that lowers maternal blood pressure, improves endothelial function and reduces placental hypoxia in preeclampsia. Recombinant VEGF 121 is expected to be an option in the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia. This experimental study used mice (Mus musculus) as the model. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of recombinant VEGF 121 in increasing the level of nitric oxide in mice (Mus musculus) model of preeclampsia. This was an experimental analytical study with Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design. The study enrolled 27 pregnant mice (Mus musculus) which met the restriction criteria divided into 3 groups. The first group (K1) were 9 normal pregnant mice. The second group (K2) were 9 pregnant mice of preeclampsia model without treatment. The third group (K3) were 9 pregnant mice of preeclampsia model receiving recombinant VEGF 121 therapy. The independent variable was the administration of recombinant VEGF 121 and the dependent variable was the serum NO level. Statistical analysis was performed by using anova statistics. NO level in the first group (K1) was 1.746±0.347, with minimum value of 1.00 µM, and maximum value of 2.28 µM, CI (1.479-2.013).  NO level in second group (K2) was 1.167±0.380, with minimum value of 0.64 µM, and maximum value of 1.94 µM, CI (0.875-1.460). NO level in the third group (K3) was 2.164±0.556, with minimum value of 1.56 µM, and maximum value of 5.96 µM, CI (1.842-2.486). With anova statistical test, there were significant differences between K1 group and K2 group (p value=0.004<0.05), K1 group and K3 group (p value=0.000<0.05) as well as K2 group and K3 group (p value=0.029<0.05). In conclusion, Recombinant VEGF 121 increased the level of nitric oxide in mice (Mus musculus) model of preeclampsia significantly.

Taking Seriously Affordability, Expedition, and Integrity in Adjudication

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Rabeea Assy
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
The Third ◽  
Abusive Behaviour ◽  
The Law ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Economic Inequalities

This chapter explores the potentially far-reaching consequences of treating cost and time as dimensions of justice. It shows that an exaggerated pursuit of accurate judgments may undermine the effort to enforce the law, because it produces lengthy and expensive litigation that is likely to deter many from seeking enforcement in the first place, and to distort justice by subjecting the process to economic inequalities. When affordability and expedition are prioritized, courts will be expected to ensure that litigation remains within the financial reach of litigants and that it concludes within a short time. This means that the court must avoid unaffordable spending or lengthy litigation even when these might otherwise be justified by the features of the case in question, namely its value, complexity, importance, etc. Reducing the uncertainty concerning the legal rights of the litigants has value independent of outcome accuracy; it simply enables people to move on with their lives. This chapter also explores the multi-dimensional nature of justice beyond the trifecta of accuracy, cost, and time. It shows that common law procedures seek to protect additional values, including three senses of integrity. One is concerned with the integrity of litigants, using procedural sanctions to deter abusive behaviour. The second focuses on the morality of the court, requiring it to keep its hands clean and refuse to rely on illegality or engage with proceedings advanced through fraud and falsity. The third sense of integrity focuses on the message a court sends by imposing procedural sanctions on abuse of process.

The armies of the Ṣaffārids

1968 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Bosworth
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
The North ◽  
Frontier Region ◽  
Short Time

It is not too much to describe the Ṣaffārids of S‚stān as an archetypal military dynasty. In the later years of the third/ninth century, their empire covered the greater part of the non-Arab eastern Islamic world. In the west, Ya'qūb. al-Laith's army was only halted at Dair al-'Āqūl, 50 miles from Baghdad; in the north, Ya'qūb and his brother 'Arm campaigned in the Caspian coastlands against the local 'Alids, and 'Amr made serious attempts to extend his power into Khwārazm and Transoxania; in the east, the two brothers pushed forward the frontiers of the Dār al-Islām into the pagan borderlands of what are now eastern Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier region of West Pakistan; and in the south, Ṣaffārid authority was acknowledged even across the persion Gulf in ‘Umān. This impressive achievement was the work of two soldiers of genius, Ya'qūub and 'Amr, and lasted for little more than a quarter of a century. It began to crumble when in 287/900 the Sāmānid Amīr Ismā'īl b. Aḥmad defeated arid captured ‘Amr b. al-Laith, and 11 years later, the core of the empire, Sīstān itself, was in Sāmānid hands. Yet such was the effect in Sīstān of the Ṣaffārid brothers’ achievement, and the stimulus to local pride and feeling which resulted from it, that the Ṣaffārids returned to power there in a very short time. For several more centuries they endured and survived successive waves of invaders of Sīstān—the Ghaznavids, the Seljūqs, the Mongols—and persisted down to the establishment of the Ṣafavid state in Persia.

scholarly journals Short-Time of Rehydration is not Effective to Re-Establish Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Gas Exchange in Two Cowpea Cultivars Submitted to Water Deficit

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udson de Oliveira BARROS JUNIOR ◽  
Maria Antonia Machado BARBOSA ◽  
Michael Douglas Roque LIMA ◽  
Gélia Dinah Monteiro VIANA ◽  
Allan Klynger da Silva LOBATO
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Cowpea Cultivars ◽  
The Third ◽  
Short Time

Low water supply frequently interferes on chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange. This study aimed to answer if a short-time of rehydration is efficient to re-establish chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in cowpea plants. The experiment used four treatments (sensitive / water deficit, sensitive / control, tolerant / water deficit and tolerant / control). The sensitive and tolerant cultivars after water restriction had significant changes in gas exchange. On the third day, the stress caused lower for PN and gs in sensitive cultivar of 67% and 45%, respectively. After rehydration these parameters were not recovered significantly to two cultivars. In relation to chlorophyll fluorescence, water stress caused significant changes in all parameters evaluated of cultivars, being observed effects more intense on sensitive cultivar in the parameters Fv/Fm (38%) and Fo (69%). Rehydration did not promote recovery of the values of Fv/Fm and Fo to sensitive cultivar. Therefore, our study revealed that a short-time of rehydration is not effective to re-establish chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange in cowpea plants submitted to water deficit.

scholarly journals Evaluation of enzyme immunoassays in the diagnosis of camel (Camelus dromedarius) trypanosomiasis: a preliminary investigation

1989 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Rae ◽  
M. V. Thrusfield ◽  
A. Higgins ◽  
C. G. G. Aitken ◽  
T. W. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Sandwich Assay ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassays ◽  
The Third ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Circulating Antigens

SUMMARYThree enzyme immunoassays were used for the serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in camels in the Sudan in order to evaluate their ability to discriminate between infected and non-infected animals. Two assays were used for the detection of trypanosomal antibodies, one using specific anti-camel IgG conjugate and another using a non-specific Protein A conjugate. The third assay detected the presence of trypanosomal antigens using anti-T. evansi antibodies in a double antibody sandwich assay. Inspection of the frequency distribution of assay results suggested that the ELISA for circulating trypanosomal antibodies using specific antisera and the ELISA for circulating antigens can distinguish between non-infected camels and infected camels exhibiting patent infections or not. The ELISA using Protein A conjugate to bind non-specifically to camel immunoglobulin did not appear to discriminate between infected and non-infected animals.

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