scholarly journals Anomalous Water Transport across Cation-Exchange Membranes under an Osmotic Pressure Difference in Mixed Aqueous Solutions of Hydrochloric Acid and Alkali Metallic Halide.

2000 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 298-301
Author(s):  
Ryotaro Kiyono ◽  
Yasuyuki Asai ◽  
Yukari Yamada ◽  
Atsushi Kishihara ◽  
Masayasu Tasaka
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Anomalous Water ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference

Membrane Transport in Concentration Polarization Conditions: Evaluation of S-Entropy Production for Ternary Non-Electrolyte Solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-399
Author(s):  
Andrzej Ślęzak ◽  
Sławomir Grzegorczyn ◽  
Kornelia M. Batko ◽  
Wiesław Pilis ◽  
Robert Biczak
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Entropy Production ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Concentration Polarization ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
Initial Moment ◽  
Solute Fluxes ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference

AbstractA model of the S-entropy production in a system with a membrane which separates non-electrolyte aqueous solutions was presented. The differences between fluxes in non-homogeneous and homogeneous conditions for volume and solute fluxes, respectively, are non-linear functions of the glucose osmotic pressure difference (OPD) in ranges dependent on the initial ethanol OPD. A decrease of ethanol OPD causes a shift of this range into the lower values of glucose OPD; this shift is also observed for negative values of glucose and ethanol OPDs. The coefficient of concentration polarization of the membrane as a function of glucose OPD has a sigmoidal shape. For suitably great negative values of glucose OPD this coefficient is very small, while for suitably high positive glucose OPD this coefficient is equal to 0.5. An increase of ethanol OPD at the initial moment causes a shift of this curve towards the direction of positive values of glucose OPD. In turn the S-entropy production in non-homogeneous conditions has low values for negative values of glucose OPD (convective range) while for suitably high positive glucose OPD it has greater values (diffusive and convective range). A change of ethanol OPD at the initial moment causes a shift of this curve along the horizontal axis.

Branchiostoma lanceolatum – A Freshwater Reject?

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Binyon
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Branchiostoma Lanceolatum ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference

The ultrastructure and dimensions of the solenocytes of Branchiostoma lanceolatum are reviewed briefly. The functional ability of these units is calculated upon theoretical grounds in a manner similar to that applied to flame cells. Their more delicate construction would suggest that Branchiostoma would have great difficulty in maintaining any significant osmotic pressure difference between the medium and its body fluids.

Determining Maximum Chemico-Osmotic Pressure Difference across Clay Membranes

2020 ◽  
Vol 146 (1) ◽  
pp. 06019018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron J. Fritz ◽  
Joseph Scalia ◽  
Charles D. Shackelford ◽  
Michael A. Malusis
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference

Evaluation of the Starling Fluid Flux Equation

Physiology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Taylor ◽  
MI Townsley
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Fluid Flux ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference ◽  
Absorption Theory

It is commonly thought that fluid is filtered in the arterial and is absorbed in the venous end of the capillary, cuased by the considerable hydrostatic pressure difference between the arterial and the venous end, while the transcapillary colloid osmotic pressure difference remains nearly constant. We now know that extravascular forces, i.e., tissue fluid pressure, tissue colloid osmotic pressure, and lymph flow, are dynamic factors that change to oppose transcapillary fluid movement. Therefore, the filtration-absorption theory will apply only transiently until the tissue forces readjust.

Flows of Electrolytes Through Charged Hydrated Biological Tissue

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (6S) ◽  
pp. S277-S281 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Lai ◽  
W. Gu ◽  
V. C. Mow
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Finite Thickness ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Apparent Permeability ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference

In this paper, analyses of the flows of water and electrolytes through charged hydrated biologic tissues (e.g., articular cartilage) are presented. These analyses are based on the triphasic mechano-electrochemical theory developed by Lai and coworkers (1991). The problems analyzed are 1-D steady permeation flows generated by a hydraulic pressure difference and/or by an osmotic pressure difference across a finite thickness layer of the tissue. The theory allows for the complete determination of the ion concentration field, the matrix strain field as well as the ion and water velocity field inside the tissue during the steady permeation. For flows generated by a hydraulic pressure difference, the frictional drag induces a compaction of the solid matrix causing the fixed charge density (FCD) to increase and the neutral salt concentration to decrease in the downstream direction. Further, while both ions move downstream, but relative to the solvent (water), the anions (Cl−) move with the flow while the cations (Na+) move against the flow. The theory also predicts a well-known experimental finding that the apparent permeability decreases nonlinearly with FCD. For flows generated by an osmotic pressure difference, first, fluid flow varies with the FCD in a nonlinear and non-monotonic manner. Second, there exists a critical FCD below which negative osmosis takes place.

scholarly journals Interaction of ions and water in gramicidin A channels: streaming potentials across lipid bilayer membranes.

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Rosenberg ◽  
A Finkelstein
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Gramicidin A ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Lipid Bilayer Membranes ◽  
Bilayer Membranes ◽  
Narrow Channels ◽  
Streaming Potentials ◽  
Gramicidin Channel ◽  
Osmotic Pressure Difference

For very narrow channels in which ions and water cannot overtake one another (single-file transport), electrokinetic measurements provide information about the number of water molecules within a channel. Gramicidin A is believed to form such narrow channels in lipid bilayer membranes. In 0.01 and 0.1 M solutions of CsCl, KCL, and NaCl, streaming potentials of 3.0 mV per osmolal osmotic pressure difference (created by urea, glycerol, or glucose) appear across gramicidin A-treated membranes. This implies that there are six to seven water molecules within a gramicidin channel. Electroosmotic experiments, in which the water flux assoicated with current flow across gramicidin-treated membranes is measured, corroborate this result. In 1 M salt solutions, streaming potentials are 2.35 mV per osmolal osmotic pressure difference instead of 3.0 mV. The smaller value may indicate multiple ion occupancy of the gramicidin channel at high salt concentrations. Apparent deviations from ideal cationic selectivity observed while attempting to measure single-salt dilution potentials across gramicidin-treated membranes result from streaming potential effects.

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