scholarly journals Comparison of Formulas for Calculating Average Skin Temperature and their Characteristics.

1994 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 357-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tohru MOCHIDA ◽  
Kazumi SHIMAKURA ◽  
Naoto YOSHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Average Skin

A Conformable Two-Dimensional Resistance Temperature Detector for Measuring Average Skin Temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Namisnak ◽  
Sepideh Khoshnevis ◽  
Kenneth R. Diller
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Nonuniform Temperature ◽  
Resistance Temperature Detector ◽  
Temperature Detector ◽  
Average Skin

Abstract Various medical procedures are accomplished by manipulating skin temperature in a nonuniform pattern. Skin temperature monitoring is essential to assess conformance to protocol specifications and to prevent thermal injury. Existing solutions for skin temperature monitoring include single point sensors, such as thermocouples, and two-dimensional methods of sensing surface temperature, such as infrared thermography, and wearable technology. Single point sensors cannot detect the average temperature and consequently their measurements cannot be representative of average surface temperature in a nonuniform temperature field. Infrared thermography requires optical access, and wearable sensors may require complex manufacturing processes and impede the heat exchange with a source by introducing a layer of insulation. Our solution is a two-dimensional resistance temperature detector (2D RTD) created by knitting copper magnet wire into custom shapes. The 2D RTDs were calibrated, compared to one-dimensional sensors and wearable sensors, and analyzed for hysteresis, repeatability, and surface area conformation. Resistance and temperature were correlated with an R2 of 0.99. The 2D RTD proved to be a superior device for measuring average skin temperature exposed to a nonuniform temperature boundary in the absence of optical access such as when a full body thermal control garment is worn.

Characteristics of wettedness under constant average skin temperature

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 449-454
Author(s):  
Tohru Mochida ◽  
Tetsumi Horikoshi
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Average Skin

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL STATE OF ATHLETES IN NATURAL HOT CLIMATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 896-899
Author(s):  
S. M. Rasinkin ◽  
Viktoriya V. Petrova ◽  
M. M. Bogomolova ◽  
E. P. Gorbaneva ◽  
A. G. Kamchatnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Average Body

The article presents results of a study of the thermal stability in athletes during specific activities in hot climate. This happened on a training camp at the sports center, located in the district Sredneakhtubinsky of the Volgograd region with the registration of climate indices. The study was conducted in July at an effective temperature +44,6° - +45,4°C. The study involved 6 athletes, representatives of athletics, sports category on the following candidate for master of sports. During the endurance, training (cross) in athletes showed a significant increase in the rectal temperature (RT), average skin temperature (AST), average body temperature (ABT) against the background of the gain in the heart rate. During the training as "repeated cuts", the increase in indices of the thermal state in athletes also persisted, but their values were significantly lower than on the cross. The comparison of the dynamics of indices of the thermal state with the level of sports skills of each athlete showed the following features: the smallest gain in the rectal temperature, average skin temperature and average body temperature observed in cross-country race was observed in sportsman, whose level of training coach the evaluated as a minimal in the group. The highest gain in indices of the thermal state at the cross happened in the athlete with an average fitness level. Optimal gain in such indices as RT, AST and ABT was observed in the most prepared athlete. There was revealed a high level of adaptationness of athletes to the exposure to high temperatures. This is confirmed by the data of the evaluation of dynamics of subjective evaluation of warmth sense modality in athletes during the study period.

scholarly journals Subtropical mouse-tailed bats use geothermally heated caves for winter hibernation

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1804) ◽  
pp. 20142781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Levin ◽  
Brit Plotnik ◽  
Eran Amichai ◽  
Luzie J. Braulke ◽  
Shmulik Landau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Open Flow ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Northern Edge ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
World Distribution ◽  
Winter Hibernation

We report that two species of mouse-tailed bats ( Rhinopoma microphyllum and R. cystops ) hibernate for five months during winter in geothermally heated caves with stable high temperature (20°C). While hibernating, these bats do not feed or drink, even on warm nights when other bat species are active. We used thermo-sensitive transmitters to measure the bats’ skin temperature in the natural hibernacula and open flow respirometry to measure torpid metabolic rate at different ambient temperatures ( T a , 16–35°C) and evaporative water loss (EWL) in the laboratory. Bats average skin temperature at the natural hibernacula was 21.7 ± 0.8°C, and no arousals were recorded. Both species reached the lowest metabolic rates around natural hibernacula temperatures (20°C, average of 0.14 ± 0.01 and 0.16 ± 0.04 ml O 2 g −1 h −1 for R. microphyllum and R. cystops , respectively) and aroused from torpor when T a fell below 16°C. During torpor the bats performed long apnoeas (14 ± 1.6 and 16 ± 1.5 min, respectively) and had a very low EWL. We hypothesize that the particular diet of these bats is an adaptation to hibernation at high temperatures and that caves featuring high temperature and humidity during winter enable these species to survive this season on the northern edge of their world distribution.

Treatment of Superficial Vein Thrombophlebitis of the Arm with Essaven Gel

Angiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. S63-S67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. De Sanctis ◽  
M.R. Cesarone ◽  
L. Incandela ◽  
G. Belcaro ◽  
M. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Spontaneous Resolution ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Superficial Vein ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Intravenous Catheter ◽  
Local Use ◽  
And Control ◽  
Average Skin

The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the effect of local treatment with Essaven gel (EG), in comparison with placebo and with a group of controls in 23 patients with superficial vein thrombophlebitis (SVTPH) of the arms. SVTPH was conse quent to infusional treatment with an intravenous catheter. The 4-week study evaluated the average skin temperature and an analogue symptomatic score. In patients treated with active EG, the decrease in score and in composite skin temperature was significantly larger than in the placebo and control groups. No intolerance was observed. The decrease in score and temperature in the placebo group was mainly due to skin manipulation and massage and to spontaneous resolution. In conclusion treatment with EG in arm SVTPH improves signs /symptoms and decreases skin temperature faster. This study confirms earlier observations on the effective, local use of EG in SVTPH.

scholarly journals Skin Temperature in Relation to the Warmth of the Environment

1935 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Palm Of The Hand ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The skin temperatures of industrial workers, mainly women and girls, engaged in very light occupations, have been correlated with environmental conditions. The temperatures of the forehead and of the palm of the hand were measured with a Moll radiation thermopile, and for the temperature of the foot a thermo-junction was used. Altogether 3085 sets of observations were made.Various measures of environmental warmth (dry-bulb air temperature, equivalent temperature, effective temperature, and dry kata cooling power) were correlated with skin temperature. The dry-bulb air temperature is about as good an index of skin temperature as any of the other measures used, while it appears that skin temperature may be slightly less closely associated with dry kata cooling power than with the other measures of warmth conditions.At an average air temperature of 18° C., the average skin temperatures observed were: on the forehead 34·25° C.; on the palm of the hand 29·2° C.; and on the foot 24·4° C. The average increases in skin temperature for a rise of 1° in air temperature were: on the forehead 0·139°; on the hand 0·465°; and on the foot 0·806° C.There was much variation in the skin temperatures recorded at any particular air temperature. The root-mean-square errors of estimation of skin temperature from air temperature were 0·81, 2·51, and 2·80° C., for the forehead, hands and feet respectively.Correlations between the temperatures of different areas of skin were rather lower than those between air and skin temperature.

Treatment of Superficial Vein Thrombosis with Standardized Application of Essaven Gel

Angiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. S57-S62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T. De Sanctis ◽  
M.R. Cesarone ◽  
L. Incandela ◽  
G. Belcaro ◽  
M. Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Superficial Vein ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Superficial Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
And Control ◽  
Average Skin

The aim of this randomized, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the effect of local treatment with Essaven gel (EG) in comparison with placebo in 30 patients with superficial vein thrombosis (SVT). The 4-week study evaluated the average skin temperature and an analogue symptomatic score. Below-knee SVT was associated with large varicose veins. In patients treated with active EG the decrease in score and in the average, composite skin temperature was significantly larger than in the placebo and control groups. No intolerance was observed. The decrease in score and temperature in the placebo group was mainly due to skin manipulation and massage. In conclusion, treatment with EG in SVT improves symptoms and decreases skin temperature faster. This study confirms earlier observations on the effective use of EG in SVT.

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