Legislation intent for the Civil Code of People’s Republic of China and the Main Contents of the General Rules

An organization must have rules, and so must a state. A constitution is a set of general rules, it is the fundamental law.… Constitution-making is a matter of science.Mao Tse-tung On 5 March 1978 the People's Republic of China promulgated its second constitution in little more than three years and the third since its establishment in 1949. What functions does a constitution serve in the Chinese political-legal system? Is it a sham not worth the paper on which it is printed? Is it an artifice of propaganda designed to impress and mislead foreigners? Does it have legal as well as political significance? The 1954 Constitution was not revised for two decades – why then was its 1975 successor so quickly overtaken by events? What are the differences among these basic documents?

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Section on marriage and family in the Civil Code: values, innovations, applicability

Legal Science in China and Russia ◽

10.17803/2587-9723.2021.4.043-051 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 43-51

Author(s):

Gayа Van

Keyword(s):

Family Relations ◽

Civil Code ◽

People’S Republic Of China ◽

People's Republic Of China ◽

Marriage And Family ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Parents And Children ◽

Rights And Interests ◽

Close Relatives ◽

The Right

On May 28, 2020, at the third session of the National People’s Congress (NPC) of the 13th convocation, the “Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China” (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code) was considered and adopted. The section “Marriage and family” is the fi fth part of the “Civil Code”, consisting of fi ve chapters, a total of 79 articles, including general provisions, marriage, family relations, divorce and adoption. The value positioning of the section on marriage and family in the Civil Code is refl ected in the general provisions. That is, “marriage and family are protected by law.” “Institutions of freedom of marriage, monogamy and equality between men and women should be introduced in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, minors, the elderly and the disabled.” and “The best family traditions should be established in the family, family virtues should be promoted and the formation of family culture should be appreciated.”The editing of the Section on “Marriage and Family” in the Civil Code demonstrates the legislative concept of protecting the rights and interests of marriage and family for common citizens, guiding the development of marriage and family, and regulating marriage and family relations. System innovation is refl ected in the following fi ve aspects:First: The addition of an institute about peers. Article No. 1045 in the Civil Code states: The number of relatives includes spouses, blood relatives and relatives. Spouses, parents, children, brothers and sisters, grandparents, grandparents on the mother’s side, grandchildren and grandchildren are part of close relatives. Spouses, parents, children and other close relatives living together are considered family members.Secondly: Improving the institution of marriage. That is, the removal and modifi cation of the conditions of the prohibition of marriage: The former provision is excluded — “To suffer from medically recognized diseases for which one should not marry”; To amend the institution of the legal force of marriage: the exclusion and reduction of the established circumstances of the invalidity of marriage and the increase of the established circumstances of the dissolution of marriage; The creation of the institution of marriage assistance: in the conditions of the invalidity or dissolution of marriage, a person who has no fault has the right to sue for damages.Third: The addition of family relations. Family relations include marital relations, relations between parents and children, and relations between other close relatives. The improvement of the legislation of marital relations is refl ected in the following three aspects: the establishment of the right to daily representation of married couples in family affairs, the criteria for approving the joint debt of the spouses, the right to fi le a claim for the division of the joint property of the spouses in marriage. The improvement of the legislation on the relationship between parents and children is refl ected in two aspects: the defi nition of the institution of confi rmation and denial of parents, and the rules on determining the child’s surname. Fourth: Changing the institution of divorce. This institute continues the main concept of the divorce legislation of the People’s Republic of China — to ensure freedom of divorce and against frivolous divorce; To demonstrate the main goal of assistance in divorce on sexual equality — to protect the rights and interests of divorce and to ensure the interests of women.The change in this regard includes three aspects: First, the change in the terms of the divorce. The change in the conditions for registering a divorce is refl ected in the defi nition of the sober period of divorce. A change in the conditions of the divorce process, this manifests itself as an addition to the circumstances of the divorce established by law. Secondly, the establishment of a rule on the upbringing of children by divorced parents. Thirdly, the improvement of the institution of assistance in divorce. In this context, we mean expanding the scope of the institute of compensation for contributions to housework, restoring the institute of fi nancial assistance in divorce, improving the application of the institute of compensation for damage in divorce.Fifth: The addition of the Institute of Adoption. To supplement and improve the conditions of adoption include: expanding the age of the adopted person, clarifying the conditions of the adopted person, optimizing the restrictions on the adoption of children of the opposite sex by persons without spouses, performing the adoption procedure, in the case when establishing an adoption relationship, it is required that the civil affairs departments of the people’s governments at the county level and the highest state bodies conduct an assessment of adoption in accordance with the law.The “Civil Code” came into force on January 1, 2021. In order to promote the implementation of the “Civil Code”, on December 29, 2020, the Supreme People’s Court published No. 1 explanation “On the application of the Section on Marriage and Family in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China”, this explanation is divided into six parts: general provisions, marriage, relations between spouses, relations between parents and children, divorce, appendix, a total of 91 articles, it clarifi ed the circumstances of the application and validity of the Section on “Marriage and Family” in the Civil Code. The entry into force of the Section on "Marriage and Family" in the Civil Code will create a new mentality of creating marriage and family, and provide normative acts and guiding behavior for equal, harmonious and civilized relations between marriage and family.

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THE CODIFICATION OF CIVIL LAW IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (GENERAL PROVISIONS): HISTORY AND MODERNITY

Proceedings of Southwest State University ◽

10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-2-128-135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 128-135

Author(s):

A. P. Fokov

Keyword(s):

Civil Law ◽

Civil Code ◽

People’S Republic Of China ◽

People's Republic Of China ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Judicial Practice ◽

Economic Constitution ◽

International Obligations ◽

Modern Economic

In this article, the author highlights the main historical stages of the codification of civil legislation in China, reveals the content of the "General provisions of the civil code of the PRC", which entered into force on October 1, 2017, predicts further prospects for the development of Chinese civil law institutions in modern economic conditions The author analyzes the historical stages of codification of a large array of Chinese civil legislation in the twentieth and early TWENTIETH centuries, shows its focus on borrowing Russia's experience in codification and improvement of civil legislation, and also takes into account international obligations related to the participation of the state in the WTO. The current doctrine that the Civil code is a kind of economic Constitution that is constantly evolving, not only in time but also in space, shows that in China the process of reforming civil legislation is slow and haste. Thus, it is significant that the procedures related to the preparation, discussion and adoption of the civil code of the PRC have historically developed over time: from the past to the present and, of course, to the future with the prospect of solving new social and economic problems on the basis of stable codified laws. Until now, the science of Russian civil law has not received full coverage of the processes of reforming the civil legislation after the formation of the people's Republic of China in 1949, and there is no answer to the legitimate question of, and for what reason have not been adopted by scientists developed the Draft Civil code of China (1954), (1962), (1979), (2002)? The author understands the complexity of the topic, but also draws attention to the fact that in recent years, between civil scientists and practitioners of China and Russia there is a tendency to intensify the development of General provisions and institutions of civil law in the context of international cooperation. But the question of whether it is possible to identify the stages of codification of the civil legislation of Russia and China is still open, because the historical features of China, the mentality of its citizens and traditions do not allow full use of the experience of Russia, which at one time proposed a new unified text of the Civil code in the context of WTO accession. The author focuses not only on the problems of understanding the historical stages of reforming China's civil legislation in time, but also its features in the space, when the codification of the General part and institutions of civil law is under the influence of the formation of a common judicial practice in a market economy. In the course of the research the author used analytical, formal and legal methods, abstraction method, which allowed to formulate conclusions on the conducted research. The author comes to the conclusion that the codification of civil legislation in China has a common historical relationship with Russia, but at the same time, and distinctive features, which are expressed in the content of the "General provisions of the civil code of the PRC" (hereinafter - the civil code of the PRC), which entered into force on October 1, 2017.

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Human Rights Legal Support in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China in the Context of the Development of New Technologies

Lex Russica ◽

10.17803/1729-5920.2021.173.4.130-141 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 130-141

Author(s):

Li Yao

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Human Rights ◽

Civil Law ◽

Civil Code ◽

People’S Republic Of China ◽

People's Republic Of China ◽

Body Movements ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Personal Rights ◽

Protection Of Human Rights

The 21st century has seen the development of biotechnologies and artificial intelligence technologies leading to illegal testing of a gene and the introduction of a person’s voice, image, body movements into appropriate electronic procedures, followed by the imitation of a similar human voice, body movements, etc., which can cause a violation of personal rights. Since the establishment of the PRC, four codifications of civil legislation have been carried out: 1954, 1962, 1979 and 2001. However, none of them was implemented for various reasons. In May 28, 2020 for the first time, China has adopted the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China entering into force on January 1, 2021. The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China has become the basic law of the market economy in China. It consists of seven parts: "General Part", "Property law", "Contracts", "Personal rights", "Marriage and Family", "Inheritance", "Tort liability" and "Additional provisions". The paper analyzes the features of civil protection of human rights in the new Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China in the era of the development of biotechnology and artificial intelligence. The author examines the provisions on the legal protection of human rights in the illegal occupation of medical and research activities related to human genes, human embryos, and reveals ways to protect the rights to image, voice, privacy and personal information in civil law in violation of personal rights using artificial intelligence technology in China. The author also explains the regime of a preliminary injunction in civil law and ways to find a balance of different personal rights and interests in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China.

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